Pathology - respiratory system
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Created by:
robotspeak on January 18, 2012
Description:
pathology for radiographers
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 upper respiratory tract | nose, sinuses, naso and oropharynx |
| lower respiratory tract | trachea, left and right bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| ventilation | breathing, respiration, pulmonary ventilation, the process of moving air into and out of the lungs |
| cystic fibrosis | • caused by defective gene on chromosome 7 • secretion of excessively viscous mucus by all exocrine glands • also affects pancreatic & digestive system90% morbidity and mortality related to respiratory involvement |
| hyaline membrane disease | • aka idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome • most often seen in premature infants • under aeration of the lungs results from lack of surfactant and immature lungs • surfactant creates high surface tension which requires less force to inflate and maintain the alveoli |
| upper respiratory infections: influenza | highly contagious infection caused by myxovirus |
| upper respiratory infections: croup | viral infection causing inflammatory swelling in the subglottic portion of the trachea |
| upper respiratory infections: epiglottitis | acute infection causing thickening of the epiglottic tissue |
| lower respiratory infection: pneumonia (acute) | • most frequent type of lung infection • acute infection of lung parenchyma which impairs gas exchange |
| lower respiratory infection: alveolar pneumonia | • inflammatory exudate replaces air in the alveoli • could be diffuse or consolidated |
| lower respiratory infection: lobar pneumonia | (bacterial, consolidated) pneumococcal bacteria, most common |
| lower respiratory infection: bronchopneumonia | (patchy, diffuse) infection is located in bronchi & associated alveoli |
| lower respiratory infection: legionnaire's disease | severe bacterial pneumonia, Legionella Pneumophila |
| lower respiratory infection: interstitial pneumonia | caused by viruses, usually influenza • radiographic findings are minimal • not responsive to antibiotics |
| lower respiratory infection: aspiration pneumonia | aspiration of gastric contents into lower respiratory tract • chemical |
| lower respiratory infection: pulmonary tuberculosis | • caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis • may also affect other areas of the body such as skeletal, genitourinary, and central nervous system • usually asymptematic • coin-like lesions seen in the apical region |
| COPD | most common forms are chronic bronchitis and emphysema • irreversible |
| bronchiectasis | chronic irreversible dilation of diseased bronchi • congenital, infectious, inflammatory, mechanical, or idiopathic • radiographic abnormalities in less that 50% of patients • best seen with high resolution CT |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion of lung or portion of lung • often trauma induced • usually from bronchial obstruction • compression atelactasis caused by pleural effusions, pneumothorax, or space occupying lesions |
| pleural effusion | excessive fluid collection in the pleural cavity • either exudate or transudate most common causes: CHF, pulmonary embolus, TB, pleurisy, neoplastic process, connective tissue disorders • bluntin go f costophrenic angles best seen on lateral view • takes up to 400 ml of fluid collection before effusion is visible on PA AP • large effusions can compress the lung or cause a shift of the thoracic organs • fluid level best seen on lateral decub • thoracentesis to remove fluid |
| pulmonary edema | replacement of air with fluid • results from prolonged COPD • silhouette sign: artifact caused by an infiltrate that blurs demarcating lines between lung segments |
| empyema | pus in the pleural cavity • appears as a lesion, possible air-fluis level • needle aspiration with possible drain placement |
| pulmonary embolus | partial or complete obstruction of one or more arterial branches by a clot, sometimes leading to lung infection • often associated with lower extremity venous thrombosis |
| pneumothorax | occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses lung tissue • common causes are penetrating trauma, stab wounds, gunshot, fractured ribs, biopsy needles •peripheral radiolucency without pulmonary markings • small - no treatment, large - chest tube with suction |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome | ARDS • smoke or toxin inhalation, aspiration |
| pneumoconioses | group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of foreign inorganic dust • results in pulmonary fibrosis dependent on type and amount of particle inhaled • particles larger than 10 um are filtered by nasal cavities, smaller than 1 um are eshaled. 1 - 5 um are trapped |
| pneumoconiosis: silicosis | oldest known and most serious form • inhalation of quartz dust • latent period of 10 to 30 years • common to miners, grinders, sandblasters • alveoli form large amounts of fibrous connective tissue • multiple, well defined, scattered nodules of equal density |
| pneumoconiosis: asbestosis | • dust found in insulation, building materials, fire retardent products • pleural changes more visible than parenchymal changes (granular appearance on periphery - CT) • latency of 15 years • can progress to mesothelioma • pleural thickening with calcified plaques |
| pneumoconiosis: mesothelioma | • relatively rare primary tumor of the pleura • men over 40 • 20 to 40 year latency • presents as pleural effusion or diffuse nodular pleural thickening • poor prognosis - 11 months from diagnosis |
| NEOPLASMS: bronchogenic carcinoma | primary lung lesion • most common fatal primary malignancy • leading cause of cancer deaths in the US and developed world • four types: squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, alveolar (undifferentiated large cell), oat cell (undifferentiated small cell) |
| bronchogenic carcinomas: squamous cell | most common type of lung cancer • strongly associated with smoking • central location is proximal bronchus • growth is mainly endobronchial • grow rapidly but delayed metastasis • best prognosis of all lung cancers |
| bronchogenic carcinomas: adenocarcinoma | particularly frequent in women and non-smokers • incidental discovery on CXR • peripherally located • grow slowly but metastasize early to brain lung liver bone • poor prognosis |
| bronchogenic carcinoma: alveolar cell | relatively rare form • rapid growth with early metastisis • poor prognosis • presents as larger peripheral mass larger than 4 CM • smoking!!! |
| bronchogenic carcinomas: undifferentiated small cell (oat cell) | accounts for 20 % of all cancers • most aggressive form • rapid growth with early mets • smoking!!! • survival time is 9-18 months • presents as large central mass invading and obstruction bronchial lumen |
| pulmonary metastases | • secondary form of lung cancer • more common than primary tumors • cancer cells carried by blood or lymphatic systems • most common primary sites are breast, female repro system, kidneys, GI tract, prostate and melanoma |
| SVC / Central lines | • PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) RPO to visualize • CVP (central venous catheter, central line) • hickman, port-a-cath (all are for long-term access to venous system) used for chemo, infusion of meds or liquids, sometimes contrast |
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