| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American philosopher and poet, best known for leading the Transcendentalist movement in the 19th century |
| Henry David Toreau | An American author and transcendalist who wrote the book Walden and the essay Civil Disobedience |
| Walt Whitman | Among the most influential poets in the American canon. Known as the "father of free verse." |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Born in Salem Massachusetts, famous for his books: "The Scarlet Letter" and "House of Seven Gables". |
| the Shakers | religious group; founded by Anne Lee Stanley |
| Fourierists | A system for social reform advocated by Charles Fourier in the early 19th century |
| John H. Noyes | Founded the Oneida Community and coined the term "free love" |
| Joseph Smith | The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. "Mormonism" |
| Brigham Young | Leader of a Mormon movement, and founder of Salt Lake City. |
| Dorothea Dix | American activist who created a string of mental institutes. |
| Angelina and Sarah Grimke | female sisters; womans right activists |
| Sojourner Truth | An American slave and advocate for both abolition and women's rights |
| Susan B. Anthony | Played an active role in Women's Rights Movements. Introduced Women's suffrage into the United States. |
| Nat Turner | was an American slave who led a slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | An American abolitionist who founded the newspaper, "The Liberator." |
| Frederick Douglass | was an American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. |
| Stephen Austin | "The Father of Texas" who led the second and successful attempt at colonizing Texas. |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, President of Mexico on seven non-consecutive occasions |
| James K Polk | Eleventh president of the US, famous for leading the Mexican-American war. |
| Zachary Taylor | 12th President of the United States. |
| John C. Freemont | American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US |
| 49ers | Miners who went west in search of gold, namely to California |
| Franklin Pierce | 14th President of the United States. |
| James Buchanan | 15th president of the US, known as one of the worst presidents in US history. |
| Transcendentalism | A group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy. |
| Brook Farm | a utopian experiment farm in communial living |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that detailed the horrible treatment of enslaved African Americans |
| NY Female Moral Reform Society | first feminist group in America |
| Seneca Falls Convention | It was the first women's rights convention held in the United States. |
| Declaration of Sentiments | A document that was signed by 68 women and 32 men for women's rights. |
| American Colonization Society | organization that helped to found Liberia |
| Fugitive Slave Law | part of the compromise of 1850; let people go get runaways |
| The Liberator | Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Three-quarters of subscribers were African Americans in 1834. |
| Manifest Destiny | the historical belief that the United States is destined to expand across the North American continent |
| the Oregon Trail | The trail that settlers took to get out to the West. |
| Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo | peace treaty that ended the mexican american war. |
| Wilmont Proviso | An attempt to keep slavery out of any land acquired from Mexico, it failed |
| Compromise of 1850 | A series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies caused by the Mexican-American War. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | A federal law that said slaves must be returned from the free states to their masters. |
| Ostend Manifesto | The Document that described a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | opened new lands and determined in which territories slavery would be allowed in. |
| Republican Party | The party that resided prominently in the north and, in most cases, did not support slavery |
| "Know Nothing" Party | A nativist American political movement fueled by the fear that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants. |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | A series of battles that were to determine whether Kansas were to be a free or slave state. |
| Dred Scot v. Sanford | The Supreme Court case that decided that black people have no rights. |
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