Chapter 16
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Created by:
Miller-Cook Plus on January 19, 2012
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5th Period, 6th period, 4th Period, 3rd period
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Italian Renaissance | The early period in which Italy was the center of the Renaissance and also the revival of classical art, literature and learning based on humanism. |
| Niccolo Machinvelli | Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance |
| Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages |
| Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance |
| Francis I | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against holy Roman emperor |
| Johannes Gutenburg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets |
| European-Style Family | Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married |
| Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of Church |
| Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief |
| Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death |
| Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America |
| Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces |
| Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs |
| Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American and Asia |
| Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions |
| Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic |
| English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king |
| Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries |
| Witchcraft Hysteria | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas (? Word not in online glossary. Did I copy wrong?) |
| Scientific Revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages |
| Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe |
| Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) |
| Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work |
| John Harvey | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump |
| Rene Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature |
| Issac Newton | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity |
| Deism | Concept of God current during the scientific revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun |
| John Locke | English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants |
| Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies |
| Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy |
| Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. |
| Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king |
| Fredrick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | nlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women |
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