Animal Nutrition
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Essential Nutrients | nutrients animals must get from their food |
| Feeding Mechanisms of Animals | Suspension feeders (filter feeders); substrate feeders (eat what theyre living on); fluid feeders; bulk feeders |
| Vitamins | organic mcs required in very small amnts; water & fat soluble |
| Minerals | inorganic mcs required in small amounts; many of which are cofactors needed for enzymes to work |
| Intracellular Digestion | inside food vacuole & lysosome (sponges) |
| Extracellular Digestion | Gastrovascular cavity (eat and poop through same hole); alimentary canals (complete digestive tract) |
| Annelid Digestion | (earthworms) crop--stores and moistens food gizzard--muscular; has sand and gravel in it to help grind food |
| Arthorpod Digestion | (grasshoppers) several digestive chambers including a crop |
| Reptile Digestion | (birds) have 3 separate chambers; crop, stomach, and gizzard |
| Mammalian Digestive System | consists of alimentary canal and accessory glands (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder); Oral Cavity --> Pharynx (throat) --> Esophagus --> Stomach --> Small Intestine --> Large Intestine |
| Mucin | protects mouth lining; lubricates food |
| Buffers | neutralize acid; prevent tooth decay |
| Antibacterial agents | kill bacteria (lysozymes) |
| Amylase | digests carbs-specifically starch and glycogen 1st chemical digestion |
| Pharynx | throat--an intersection for both the digestive and respiratory systems |
| Epiglottis | flap of cartilage; prevents food from entering the trachea (breathing tube) |
| Glotis | Vocal cords and the opening between them |
| Esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach |
| Peristalsis | alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal; moves food down the esophagus to the stomach (involuntary movement) |
| Salivary Amylase | digests starch and glycogen |
| Sphincters | ring-like muscular valves that control what goes into and out of a compartment |
| Pyloric Sphincter | regulates passage of food into the small intestine |
| Secretion | Epithelium of stomach has secretory cells (in pits) which are controlled by the hormone gastrin |
| Mucus Cells | Secrete mucus (defense against self-digestion) & gastrin (hormone that stimulates production of gastric juice-HCL and Pepsin) |
| Chief Cells | Secrete Pepsinogen (pepsin; Pos. Feedback); and the enzyme in inactive form is a defense against self-destruction of pit cells |
| Parietal Cells | Secretes HCL when it is in the stomach so it doesnt harm pits--lower pH, kill bacteria, break up ECM between cells, denature proteins |
| Pepsin | protease that splits proteins at peptide bonds within the protein |
| Small Intestine | over 6 m long; sight of most enzymatic hydrolysis of food and absorption of nutrients; peristalsis moves chyme and digestive juices along |
| Dudoenum | 1st 25 centimeters of small intestine; pancreas (hydrolytic enzymes-trypsin and chymotrypsin; and bicarbonate buffer), liver (bile), and gall bladder (stores the bile) release products into this |
| Emulsify | aid in fats digestion and absorption |
| Carbohydrate Digestion | 1) Salivary amylase 2) in duodenum, pancreatic amylase turns starch and glycogen to disaccharides 3) disaccharidases turn disaccharides to monosaccharides |
| Protein Digestion | 1) begins with Pepsin in stomach 2) Pancreas secretes inactive proteases that will be activated in duodenum; positive feedback mechanism for trypsin to make more trypsin 3) line of small intestine secretes aminopeptidase and dipeptidases 4) HCL disrupts ECM between cell in meat |
| Nucleic Acid Digestion | (Small intestine) nucleases cause DNA or RNA to become nucleotides; Nucleotideases and nucleosidases go to sugars, bases, and phosphatases |
| Fat Digestion | (only in Small intestine) if fat is in chyme, emulsification occurs by bile; pancreas secretes lipase into the duodenum |
| Absorption of Nutrients | occurs in Jejenum & ileum sections of the s.i. (very high surface area) |
| Villi | cover large folds; covered by microvilli (brush border) |
| Lacteal | Lymph vessel in each villus; part of lymphatic system; glycerol and fatty acids are processed into water soluble globules which enter the lacteal |
| capillaries | in each villus; amino acids and sugars enter and are taken by the hepatic portal vein to the liver; can be used, stored, or converted |
| Liver | bile production & breaks down toxins; destroys RBC--puts some of the pigments into bile, they then leave the body with the feces; regulates distribution of nutrients throughout the body; stores and/or converts various mcs |
| Large Intestine | connects to the s.i. at a T-shaped junction containing a sphinctor; main site of water absorption; consists of colon, cecum, and rectum |
| cecum | pouch; small in humans |
| appendix | extension of the cecum; composed if lymphoid tissue; functions in immune system |
| colon | water absorption; reabsorbs about 90% of the water that enters the alimentary canal; solidifies feces |
| Feces | moved through the colon by peristalsis and are stored in the rectum |
| Bacteria | produce vitamins are produce gas |
| Gastrin | hormone released from stomach in response to presence of food; stimulates stomach to release gastric juice (HCL and Pepsin); stimulates mitosis and development of new epithelial cells |
| Hormones | released from duodenum in response to acid chyme--low pH; signals pancreas to release bicarbonate buffer--neutralize pH |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | released from duo in response ot amino acids or fatty acids in chyme entering from the stomach; signals gall bladder to relase bile into duo; signals pancreas to releas pancreatic enzymes in duo |
| Enterogastrones | hormones secreted by the walls of the duodenum; released if fat is in chyme; inhibits peristalsis in stomach--> slow digestion |
| Regulation of Glucose | stored in liver and muscles as glycogen; insulin and glucagon (from pancreas) control levels of glucose and glycogen by neg. feedback |
| Glucagon | promotes breakdown of glycogen in the liver and glucose is released into the blood |
| Insulin | causes glucose to be transported out of the blood into body cells; stimulates liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen; amt of glucose in blood decreases |
| Leptin | produced by adipose tissue; suppresses appetite |
| Ghrelin | produced by stomach wall, increases feelings of hunger |
| Insulin | secreated by pancreas in response to an increase in sugar in the blood; suppresses appetite |
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