AP Euro Unit 1 IDs
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Created by:
moonshadow on January 19, 2012
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Black Death | first truck in 1348, it hit families making it impossible to repopulate, Survivors benefited because they could demand higher wages but many couldn't find work do to the disorganization, Upper class attempted to control wages and prices which led to the many peasant revolts of the time |
| Hundred Years War | 1337 between England and France, Led to the War of the Roses by the English upper class |
| Babylonian Captivity | After the French deposed Pope Boniface, they elected a new Pope subservient to King Phillip and had him take up residence in Avignon, Popes became simply tools of France |
| Great Schism | another Pope elected to correct the Babylonian Captivity -> 2 Popes, neither would resign |
| Conciliar Movement | a representation met and deposed the two popes and elected another one, but no one resigned -> 3 Popes; finally all were persuaded to resign and the papacy was restored |
| Simony | to buy or sell a church office, corruption in church |
| Indulgences | A person, if properly confessed, absolved, and repentant could be spared purgatory by buying an indulgence |
| Alexander VI | Of the Spanish Borgia family, most corrupt Pope |
| Renaissance | French word meaning "rebirth", concerned more with moral and civic questions about what human being ought to do rather than just scientific or logical |
| Quotrrocento | 15th century Italian Renaissance |
| Dante | wrote Divine Comedy |
| Medici family | Most power family in Florence for hundreds of years, patrons of the arts |
| Lorenzo the Magnificent | Grandson of Cosimo de Medici who used his wealth to rule as well as to be a lavish benefactor if art and learning |
| Virtu | renaissance ideal, the quality of being a man |
| Perspective | things were less flat in renaissance paintings |
| Humanism | Literary movement in Italy, new class of writers who looked upon literature as their main life's work |
| Christine de Pisan | female humanist, demonstrated that women could participate in the debates of European intellectual life |
| Vernacular | The common spoken tongue as opposed to Latin |
| Petrarch | the 1st "man of letters", new kind of writer: uses language not as practical tool but as medium of expression, to commune with himself/clarify doubts/convey moods |
| Boccaccio | Came after Petrarch, also a Florentine, Wrote the Decameron in Italian (anecdotes with morals) |
| Coluccio Salutati | humanist in politics, 1375 Chancellor of Florence |
| Bruni | wrote history of Florence, new style of history writing |
| Lorenzo Valla | founder of textual criticism, proved the Donation of Constantine a forgery and found errors in translations of the Bible |
| Castiglione The Book of the Courtier | book of etiquette |
| Condottieri | Hired professional fighting men, showed the lack of political organization in city states |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince |
| Sack of Rome 1527 | In new age of rising national monarchies the city-states of Italy too small to compete, Spanish and German mercenaries sacked Rome -> Italian Renaissance faded, and Italy remained divided politically for 300 yrs |
| "pagan" humanism | Italian humanism, More focused on human beings rather than the Church or Christianity (like the northern Ren.) |
| Christian humanism | In the north, a humanism focused on deepening their understanding of Christianity |
| Regiomontanus | German, laid foundation for the mathematical conception of the universe |
| Dr Faustus | German, symbol of ambition, legend says he sold his soul to the devil for knowledge |
| Tomas a Kempis | a mystic, Author of the Imitation of Christ |
| Mysticism | belief that the individual could commune directly with God, socially disruptive |
| Lay religion | Belief in spiritual regeneration and a simpler lifestyle |
| Gerard Groote | lay preacher, founded Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life |
| Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life | lived communally, took no vows, worked at relieving the poor and teaching |
| Erasmus Praise of Folly | greatest of the northern humanists, wanted to put his faith in education, enlightened discussion, and gradual moral improvement, his book satirized worldly ambitions (especially those of the clergy) |
| New Monarchs | Offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order, claimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power |
| Tudors | New Monarchy of England, dynasty 1485-1603 |
| Henry VII | First king of the Tudors, ended War of the Roses, passed laws against "livery and maintenance" which allowed nobles to raise private armies |
| War of the Roses | In these wars, the great English baronial families had seriously weakened each other, to the great convenience of the King |
| Star Chamber | where the King met with his royal council to deal with property disputes and infractions of the public peace, operated without a jury |
| Louis XI | represented France New Monarchy, acquired far greater powers than the English Tudors to raise taxation without parliamentary consent |
| Valois | Blood line of Louis XI and his successors |
| Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 | The Gallican Church won considerable independence to manage its own administrative affairs |
| Concordat of Bologna | 1516- King Francis I reached an agreement with Pope Leo X which rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction, Pope received money from French ecclesiastics, French Kings now controlled their own national clergy |
| Ferdinand of Aragon | married Isabella of Castille in a political unification marriage in 1469 |
| Isabella of Castille | married Ferdinand of Aragon in a political unification marriage in 1469 |
| Reconquista | Common memory between all Spanish peoples, Granada was conquered from the Moors in 1492 |
| Inquisition | Several "converted" Christians were brought before them to extort confessions, because everyone in Spain was supposed to be Christian |
| Habsburgs | managed to get themselves consistently reelected to the Holy Roman emperorship year after year |
| Maximilian I | Hapsburg emperor in the HRE, tried to make the HRE centralized (eventually failed), was the reason for Hapsburg family fortunes (strategic marriages, etc) |
| Charles V | Son of Maximilian I, most powerful ruler of the day |
| Reformation | generally deemed to have begun with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 although a number of precursors such as Johannes Hus predate that event. is considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 |
| Martin Luther | suffered from the chronic conviction that he was damned, wrote 95 thesis |
| Justification by faith alone | Luther's belief that people were possessed by the grace of God to do good works |
| Tetzel | instigated Luther with his sale of indulgences |
| 95 Theses | In these Luther said that after confession the sinner is freed from sinful burdens, not by the priests absolution but by inner grace and faith alone |
| diet of Worms | After Luther burned the papal bull he was summoned to appear before a diet by Charles V, At the diet Luther refused to recant what he said and wrote bc only the scripture could convince him, Luther was banned from HRE |
| Lutheranism | Luthers' protestantism, Quickly swept over Germany, assuming the proportions of a national upheaval |
| 1524 revolt of the peasants | stirred by new religious ideas, worked upon by preachers who went beyond Luther un asserting that each individual could readily understand that was right or wrong, the aims of the peasants were social and economic and Luther, being a conservative, rejected the peasants |
| League of Schmalkald | A group of Lutheran princes and free cities joined the league against the HRE, The king of France allied with the league bc he wanted Germany to not be unified religiously |
| Peace of Augsburg 1555 | The infighting in the HRE and fighting with other countries was ended with this treaty, Each state of the empire could choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic |
| John Calvin | He wrote the institutes of Christian Religion. He made this writing appeal to all the institutes of the world unlike Luther, He believed in justification by faith and not by works |
| Consubstantiation | Luther belief that God was somehow present during communion |
| Predestination | The belief that since god is almighty he knows whether you are destined for heaven or hell |
| Henry VIII | At first defendant the Catholic church against Protestants, but with lack of male heir needed to remarry -> After the Pope refused marriage annulment for political reasons, Henry appointed a new Archbishop and cut ties from Rome in order to get his marriage annulled |
| Act of Supremacy | 1534, Declared English King "Supreme Head of Clergy and Church of England", All citizens were required to pledge there loyalty to Henry |
| Sir Thomas More | Statesman and humanist best known for writing Utopia, refused to swear the oath of the Act of Supremacy, executed for treason |
| Edward VI | 10 year old successor of henry VIII, died when 16 |
| Mary | daughter of Henry VIII, Tried to re-Catholocize England, Burned more than 300 people at the stake for being herectics |
| Elizabeth I | Came to power in 1558, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn, made England Protestant |
| Church of England | Resembled a Lutheran church in organization, State church, power came from Parliament and Monarch, All English had to be members which Roman Catholics and Calvinists resented |
| Thirty-nine articles | Defined the creed of the Anglican Church, |
| Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) | Church underwent genuine reform, but it was shaped by need of responding to Protestant challenge, directed against abuses, a line of reforming popes who regarded office as moral and religious (not political), Men and women founded new religious orders (Jesuits, missionary fervor |
| Council of Trent | Met in 1545 at Trent-border of Germany and Italy, Shaped the destiny of modern Catholicism, Made many decisions and few reforms, basically kept things the same with stricter rules |
| Ignatius Loyola | Resolved to become a soldier of the church, founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
| Jesuits | New type of monastic order: less attached to cloister, more directed toward active participation in the affairs of the world, Only men with strong character and intelligence admitted, most famous schoolmasters of Catholic Europe |
| Brunelleschi | designed the Duomo of Florence |
| Gutenberg | invented the printing press |
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