| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Genioglossus m. | Pulls tongue out; innervated by CN XII |
| Styloglossus m. | Pulls tongue in and up; innervated by CN XII |
| Hyoglossus m. | Pulls tongue down; innervated by CN XII |
| What happens with damage to the hypoglossal n. (XII)? | The genioglossus m. of the healthy side will become dominant; tongue will deviate towards the side of damage |
| What nerves provide taste, touch and temp information for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | Taste: VII; Touch and Temp: V3 |
| What nerves provide taste, touch and temp information for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | Taste: IX; Touch and Temp: IX |
| What embryolgic structure is the mandible derived from? | 1st branchial arch |
| Lateral pterygoid m. | Opens mouth |
| Digastric m. | Opens mouth |
| Geniohyoid m. | Opens mouth |
| Masseter m. | Closes mouth (main muscle) |
| Medial pterygoid m. | Closes mouth |
| Temporalis m. | Closes mouth |
| Lateral pterygoid m. | Protrudes mandible |
| Temporalis m. | Retracts mandible |
| Lateral pterygoid m. | Lateral displacement of mandible |
| What are the cartilages that form the larynx? | Cricoid, thyroid, and two arytenoid cartilages |
| What cartilage(s) are the vocal cords attached to? | Two arytenoid cartilages |
| Posterior cricoarytenoid m. | Opens glottis; innervated by recurrent n. |
| Lateral cricoarytenoid m. | Closes glottis; innervated by recurrent n. |
| Thyroarytenoid m. | Relaxes vocal cords; innervated by recurrent n. |
| Cricothyroid m. | Tightens vocal cords; innervated by superior laryngeal n. |
| What procedures can cause injury to the recurrent nerves? | Thyroidectomy, carotid enarterectomy, other operations in anterior triangle of neck |
| What happens with unilateral damage to the recurrent nerve? | Hoarseness |
| What happens with bilateral damage to the recurrent nerves? | Dyspnea |
| What does the left recurrent n. wrap around? | Aortic arch |
| What does the right recurrent n. wrap around? | Right subclavian a. |
| What nerve is important to initiate the cough reflex above the glottis? | Superior laryngeal n. |
| What nerve is important to initiate the cough reflex below the glottis? | Recurrent n. |
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