Ideologies and Upheavals in Europe (Ch 23)
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Romanticism | movement in which the classical emphasis on order and rationality were rejected; it was characterized belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity |
| Conservatism | Idea which stressed tradition, a hereditary monarchy, a strong and privileged landowning aristocracy, and an official church. |
| Liberalism | Radical idea which which demanded representative government, equality before the law, and individual freedoms |
| Nationalism | Radical idea which advocated the idea of cultural unity among each people; this cultural unity was to manifest itself in a common language, history, and territory. |
| Radicalism | Rejection of old, deeply felt conservatism; the development of alternative ideologies |
| Laissez-faire | The principle of economic liberalism which believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government regulations |
| Iron Law of Wages | Ricardo's idea which stated that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level; this added to Malthus's theory |
| Utopian socialism | Idea which began in France w/ the goal of overthrowing individualism with cooperation and a sense of community. It advocated for a planned economy, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property. |
| Marxian socialism | Marx's call for a radical solution to mass poverty in the industrial world. Marx said that the economic relationships between classes were the driving force in history - the "haves" would exploit the "have-nots". |
| Metternich | Austrian prince who advocated for conservatism at the Congress of Vienna; he was strongly opposed to radical ideas. |
| Saint-Simon | Socialist thinker who believed that a planned society would bring about imporved conditions for the poor. |
| Fourier | Socialist thinker who proposed planned towns and criticized family life; he wanted free unions rather than marriages, and he wanted freedom of women. |
| Blanc | Believed that the state should set up government backed workshops and factories to guarantee employment and equal voting rights. |
| Proudhon | Wrote "What is Property?", which said that property was profit that was stolen from the worker, and that workers were the source of all wealth. |
| Congress of Troppau | Conference in Austria called by Metternich which allowed autocratic regimes to be maintained when they were threatened |
| Corn Laws | Passed in Britain in 1815, these laws protected the English aristocracy by prohibiting the import of foreign grain |
| National Workshops | Compromise between French socialists' demands for work and the moderates' idea to only provide temporary relief; these increased employment |
| Adam Smith | Wrote "The Wealth of Nations"; known as the father of modern economics; preferred free enterprise to mercantilism |
| Kossuth | Led Hungarians in demands for national autonomy, civil liberties, and universal suffrage; however, he failed, but was deemed a hero |
| Michelet | Exemplified the "we-they" ideas of nationalism by believing that France was superior to all other nations |
| Herder | German writer whose works increased German nationalism |
| Ypsilanti | Greek patriot who led the Greeks to independence from Turkey |
| Chartists | Britain's radical group, who fought strongly for universal male suffrage (which failed) |
| Marx | Published "The Communist Manifesto" and laid the foundation for a new type of socialism |
| Hegel | Believed that each age in history was characterized by a dominant set of ideas (thesis), which produces opposing ideas (antithesis) and then a new synthesis |
| Louis Philippe | France's new king after Charles X fled who accepted the Constitutional Charter of 1814, though he was a disappointment to liberals |
| Engels | Published "The Communist Manifesto", and he also charged the middle class with mass murder and wholesale robbery against the industrial workers. He impacted later socialists greatly. |
| Robert Peel | Tory prime minister of Britain who joined with the Whigs to repeal the Corn Laws |
| Wordsworth | Romantic poet who wrote about simplicity and love of nature; he rejected classical rules of poetry. |
| Wordsworth | best known work is "Daffodils" |
| Scott | Romanticized history through historical novels |
| George Sand | Wrote Romantic novels in Paris which had romantic and social themes; she rebelled against social conventions |
| Hugo | Romantic writer who emphasized strange setting and human emotions |
| Hugo | most well known for the "Hunchback of Notre Dame" |
| Germaine de Stael | ... |
| Delacroix | Greatest and most moving Romantic painter in France; his works were very colorful and stirred emotion. He advocated for freedom through his works |
| Beethoven | The first master of Romantic music; his music brought about strong emotions |
| Liszt | The greatest romantic pianist; he was known as a cultural hero |
| Greece | Only country to have a successful revolution; it gained independence from the Ottoman Turks |
| France (1830) | Revolution occurred because Charles X did not accept the Constitutional Charter; however, it failed, because the next king, Louis Philippe, accepted it but didn't create change. |
| Hungary | Country who tried to overthrow its Austrian overlors; they were defeated by the Austrians with the help of Russia |
| Prussia | Country who wanted to create a unified, liberal Germany; the liberal Frankfurt Assembly was created, but it failed when a war broke out over Schleswig and Holstein |
| Two Sicilies | Revolution occurred here to force the government to sign liberal constitutions, but Metternich put it down by deciding at the Conference of Troppau to maintain autocratic regimes |
| France (1848) | Revolution occurred when Louis Philippe did not bring about electorl reform; though it created a republican government and National Workshops, it soon failed when class clashes led caused an uprising |
| Middle class | Which social group supported radical ideas? |
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