Epidemiology Set I
About this set
Created by:
drakemc on January 19, 2012
Classes:
SGU SVM Class of 2014 (August 2010 Entering Class)
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the study of the occurrence and distribution of disease in populations (animal or human) with an emphasis on establishing the causal factors that influence disease occurrence and distribution? | Epidemiology |
| What are some of the different branches of epidemiology? | Molecular Genetic Seroepidemiology Descriptive Analytical Clinical |
| What is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient? | Evidence-based medicine (EBM) |
| What is the usual (constant) frequency of disease in a population? | Endemic (enzootic) |
| What is a disease that many people acquire over a short period of time? | Epidemic (epizootic) |
| What is a widespread epidemic/epizootic involving more than one country? | Pandemic (panzootic) |
| What term is used to describe a disease that occurs in small numbers, is infrequent, and is often not rapidly spread? | Sporadic |
| What technique is used to monitor trends in disease occurrence including detection of epidemics and pandemics? | Surveillance |
| What is an individual that harbours an infectious agent or is exposed to a potential causal agent of disease? | Host |
| What are individuals with a particular disease or outcome? | Case |
| How is disease defined? | Clinically apparent infection |
| What are the three factors of whether or not a disease occurs in an individual? | The host Agent Environment |
| What are the three basic epidemic curves? | Point Source epidemic Continuous common source epidemic Propagating epidemic |
| What type of epidemic curve involves a brief exposure to the source over a limited, defined period of time, usually within one incubation period and has a definite peak at the top? | Point source epidemic |
| Which epidemic curve involves exposure of the source over an extended period of time and may occur over more than one incubation period? | Continuous common source epidemic |
| What type of epidemic occurs when disease is introduced through a single (primary) source of infection in one animal and subsequently transmitted to other animals (secondary cases)? | Propagating epidemic |
| When there are a small number of cases of disease and they occur rarely and without regularity, what is this called? | Sporadic disease |
| What type of analysis uses patterns of disease occurrence obtained from temporal occurrence data to identify periods of high or low risk (trends)? | Time Series Analysis |
| What are the three trends of patterns of disease occurrence? | Short-term Cyclical Secular Trend |
| What type of trend of disease occurrence has a rise and fall of disease over greater than 1 year? | Cyclical trends |
| What is a special case of a cyclical trend where the periodic fluctuations in disease incidence are related to particular seasons? | Seasonal trends |
| What type of trend of disease occurrence has overall rises or decline in incidence occurring gradually over long time periods using plotted raw data and other statistical methods? | Secular trends |
| What is the number of new cases occurring in a population over a defined time period? | INCIDENCE of disease |
| What is the number of cases of disease present at any given time? | Prevalence |
| What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence? | Prevalence (P) = Incidence (I) X Duration of Disease (D) |
| What type of mapping (data visualization) techniques are used to show data distribution? | Aerial maps Spot maps Frequency maps |
| What is a measure of disease occurrence in time and space to identify geographical clustering of disease (GIS uses this)? | Data description (cluster analysis) |
| What is a set of uniformly applied criteria for a particular disease? | Case definition |
| What are some types of causal factors of a disease? | Agent factors Environmental influences Host factors |
| What is the ability of an agent to establish itself within a host? | Infection |
| What is the ability of an agent to produce disease in a range of hosts? | Pathogenic |
| What is a measure of the severity of disease caused by the agent? | Virulence |
| What are the 8 criteria of Evan's unified concept of causation? | Strength of the association Temporal relationship Dose-response relationship Biological plausibility Consistency Elimination Reversible associations Strength of study designs |
| The stronger the assocation between a presumed causal factor and disease or outcome, the more likely that a cause and effect relationship exists? | Strength of Association |
| What is a causal factor of the disease in question or merely increase the likelihood of disease occurrence? | Risk factors |
| What is it when varying amounts of the suspected cause are related to varying amounts of the effect? | Dose-response relationship |
| What are the types of study designs in order of strongest to weakest? | Randomized clinical trial Cohort and case-control Cross sectional Cases series Case report |
| What type of studies is relative risk used in? | Cohort studies |
| What type of studies is odds ratio used in? | Case-control studies |
| What are some factors that impair making causal inferences? | Lengthy time interval b/t "cause" and disease or outcome Multiple "causes" leading to the same disease or outcome "causal" factor requires other factors for disease |
| What is any systematic error in an epidemiology study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association b/t exposure and risk of disease? | Bias |
| What are some different types of selection bias? | Surveillance bias Non-response bias Inappropiate comparison group |
| What are some different types of information bias? | Interviewer bias Recall bias Bias from using data from medical records which may be incomplete Misclassification bias Observer bias |
| What is random error? | Chance |
| What is the DISTORTION or the MASKING of an association b/t an exposure and a disease or outcome because of a THIRD FACTOR? | Confounding |
| How do you select your study groups to control for the confounder? | Randomisation Matching Restriction |
| How do you evaluate association within subgroups of the confounding variable? | Stratification |
| What types of studies are usually the earliest studies done on a new disease in order to characterize it? | Descriptive studies |
| What types of studies describe a single case or group of cases (case series) and may lead to formulation of a new hypothesis? | Case reports (case series) |
| What is a weakness of case reports (series)? | No control groups |
| What studies provide a snapshot of health at any defined point in time and is often called "Prevalence studies"? | Cross-secitonal studies (Exposure and disease assessed at the same time) |
| What are some weaknesses of cross-sectional studies? | Cannot assess cause and effect |
| What types of studies evaluate exposures and disease on a group level rather than on an individual level and are also known as Aggregate-level studies? | Ecological studies (Correlational) |
| What is committed if an assumption is made that the association found at the herd/group level is also true on the individual level? | Ecological fallacy |
| What are some weaknesses of ecological studies? | Unable to link exposure to a disease Unable to control for confounding factors |
| What type of studies seek to identify and explain the causes of disease and assign a numerical value to (quantifying) the effect of a particular risk (exposure) factor? | Analytical studies |
| What is a group of persons who share a common experience within a defined time period? | Cohort |
| What type of study involves comparing disease incidence over time b/t 2 groups (cohorts) of nondiseased animals that are found to differ on their exposure to a factor of interest? | Cohort study |
| What is how many times more (or less) likely are exposed individuals to get the disease relative to non-exposed individuals? | Relative risk (risk ratio) RR |
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