| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Filtration | Means of separating solid from liquid by passing the mixture through a filter such as porous paper |
| Distillation | Means of separating liquids by using the differences in their boiling points |
| Chromatography | Means of separating substances by using the differences in the degree to which they are absorbed onto a surface |
| Titration | Means of finding the concentration of an unknown acid or base by using acid-base neutralization reaction |
| Spectrophotometer | Measures slight variations in colour |
| Beer's Law | A (absorbance measured by spectrophotometer) = a(molar absorptivity) x b(path length) x c (concentration) |
| Precipitation | Means of identifying unknown ions in solution; uses solubility rules to see how the addition of certain ions to solution will cause the specific precipitation of other ions |
| Conduction | Means of checking whether a solution contains ions by checking ot see if solution conducts electricity |
| Flame Test | Used to identify ions such as Li+ (red), Na+ (yellow), K+ (purple), and other alkali metals; Alkaline earths also burn, including Ba2+ (green), Sr2+ (red), and Ca 2+ (red) |
| Acid-Base Reaction | Base + NH4+ solution will give off ammonia odour; Acid + S2- solution will give off rotten-egg H2S odour; Acid + CO3(2-) solution will produce CO2 gas |
| Coloured Solutions | Many transition metals form ions with distinct colours; Br and I will show dark brown colour when placed in a nonpolar solvent; MnO4- will turn a solution purple; Cr2O7(2-) will turn a solution orange; CrO4(2-) will turn a solution yellow |
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