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Peripheral Nervous System consists of nerves that branch out from the Central Nervous System and connect it to other boday parts Spinal Nerves nerves which arise from the spinal cord Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems two branches of the PNS skin, skeletal muscles, and special senses parts of the body connected to the CNS by the cranial and spinal nerves of the SNS Somatic Nervous System branch of the PNS which controls conscious activities viscera and glands parts of the body connected to the CNS by fibers of the ANS Autonomic Nervous System branch of the PNS which controls unconscious activies hypothalamus and brainstem parts of the brain which primarily control functions of the ANS sympathetic and parasympathetic two divions of the ANS parasympathetic division division of the ANS which operates under normal conditions sympathetic division division of the ANS which operates under conditions of stress or emergency Fight-or-Flight division another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS norepinephrine neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic division of the ANS acetylcholine neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic division of the ANS dilation action of the pupil when norepinephrine is released constriction action of the pupil when acetylcholine is released increase effect on heart rate when norepinephrine is released decrease effect on heart rate when acetylcholine is released dilation action of the bronchioles when norepinephrine is released constriction action of the bronchioles when acetylcholine si released slows peristaltic action action of the muscles of the intestinal wall when norepinephrine is released speeds peristaltic action action of the muscles of the intestinal wall when acetylcholine is released secretion decreases effect on instestinal glands when norepinephrine is released secretion increases effect on intestinal glands when acetylcholine is released increased to muscles effect on blood distribution when norepinephrine is released increased to GI tract effect on blood distribution when acetylcholine is released increase effect on blood glucose concentration when norepinephrine is released decrease effect of blood glucose concentration when acetylcholine is released secretion decreases effect on salivary glands when norepinephrine is released secretion increases effect on salivary glands when acetylcholine is released none action of tear glands when norepinephrine is released secretion action of tear glands when acetylcholine is released relaxation action of the muscles of the gall bladder when norepinephrine is released contraction action of the muscles of the gall bladder when acetylcholine is released relaxation action of the muscles of the urinary bladder when norephinephrine is released contraction action of the muscles of the urinary bladder when acetylcholine is released sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors five types of sensory receptors chemoreceptors respond to change in concentration of chemicals pain receptors respond to tissue damage thermoreceptors respond to hot or cold mechanoreceptors respond to changes in pressure or movement photoreceptors respond to light energy, found only in the eyes sensations feelings that occur when the brain interprets sensory impulse sensory input basis which forms a sensation projection what the brain uses to send a sensation back to its point of origin so a person can pinpoint the area of stimulation as the sensation is being formed sensory adaptation sensory impulses are sent at decreasing rates until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in strength of stimulus skin, muscles, joints, and viscera receptors associated with these parts make up the somatic senses free nerve endings, corpuscles of touch, lamellated corpuscles three types of receptors which detect touch and pressure free nerve endings most basic type of touch/pressure receptors free nerve ending type of touch/pressure receptor consisting of bare dendrites found in the epithelial tissues corpuscles of touch type of touch/pressure receptor sensitive to light touch corpuscles of touch type of touch/pressure receptor consisting of an oval pad of tissue with dendrites inside Meissner's corpuscles flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch lips, finger tips, soles, palms areas where Meissner's corpuscles are abundantly found lamellated corpuscles type of touch/pressure receptor sensitive to heavy pressure lamellated corpuscles type of touch/pressure receptor consisting of a thick pad of CT with dendrites inside Pacinian corpuscles large structures of CT and cells that detect deep pressure tendons and ligaments areas where Pacinian corpuscles are commonly found heat and cold receptors two groups of free nerve endings which are temperature receptors quick rate rate at which both heat and cold receptors adapt 32 C (90 F) temperature above which heat receptors are sensitive 48 C (118 F) temperature at which heat receptors become unresponsive 10 C (50 F) - 40 C (104 F) temperature range in which cold receptors are sensitive 48 C approximate temperature in which pain receptors are stimulated, producing a burning sensation 10 C approximate temperature below which pain receptors are stimulated, producing a freezing sensation nociceptors another term for pain receptors pain receptors consist of free nerve endings that are stimulated when tissues are damaged little or none degree of adaptaion of pain receptors brain part of the body that lacks pain receptors visceral pain receptors the only receptors in the viscera that produce sensations referred pain phenonmenon that occurs when visceral pain feels as if it is coming from a part of the body other than the part being stimulated common nerve pathways lead from the skin and internal organs, cause referred pain acute and chronic pain fibers fibers which conduct pain impulses away from their course acute pain fibers thin, myelinated fibers that carry impulses rapidly and cease when the stimulus stops chronic pain fibers thin, unmyelinated fibers that conduct impulses slowly and continue sending impulses after the stimulus stops gray metter of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord location where pain impulses are processed thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex locations where pain impulses are conducted to thalamus structure which receives an impulse causing a person to first become aware of pain intensity and location two things the cerebral cortex judges in relationship to pain midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata areas of gray matter in these structures regulate movement of pain impulses from the spinal cord enkalphin and endorphin neuropeptides which inhibit the release of pain impulses in the spinal cord midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata structures which trigger the release of enkalphin and serotonin endorphins released in the brain to provide natural pain control not known degree of which precise mechanisms of memory are known short-term memory temporary ability to remmber a few pieces of information (approx. 4-9 items <==not on test) electrical and/or chemical events types of events included in short-term memory long-term memory more permanent memory that lasts from days to years synapses according to the standard theory of long-term memory, the number of these are increased when a change occurs anatomical or biochemical type of change which may occur to increase the amount of synapses in the brain