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Manifest Destiny had the right to expand throughout NA continent 4 reasons for westward migration Manifest Destiny, RR, Adventure, free land Transcontinental RR that ran E to W Promontory Point, UT place where golden spike was drilled in to Transcontinental 3 necessities of Homestead Act -160 acres free -must farm for 5 years -build a structure w/ a window and a door Buffalo Soldiers -escorted settlers, cattle herds, RR crews (wanted a safe travel for westward expansion) -killed Am Indians -protected Kansas Pacific Railroad and its work crews. -participated in a S. expedition 4 contributing factors to Nat. Am. downfall -loss of land to westward movement -land blocked so couldnt kill any more buffalo -small pox - #1 cause of death -fear - seen as uncivilized (dead Indians were the best) Sand Creek Massacre Col. John Chivington against Chief Black Kettle -killed 450 Cheyenne (mostly women/children) -Ch. Bl. Ket tried to hold up white flag but Chivin. said "Kill and scalp all!" Col. John Chivington -Sand Creek Massacre against Chief Black Kettle -"Kill and scalp all, big and little" -no mercy Battle of Little Big Horn -George Custer (Civ. War hero) against Chief Sitting Bull -gold was discovered during battle -Custer died here -greatest Indian victory Sitting Bull -Battle of Little Big Horn -ready for Custer because of dream he had -fought against Custer and calvary -involved in greatest Ind. Victory -eventually in William "Buffalo Bill" Cody's Wild West Show George Custer -Battle of Little Big Horn -sent to protect RR workers thru Black Hills (supposed to be Ind. terr.) -against Sitting Bull -during battle discovered gold -died in battle Chief Joseph -wanted peace -Black Hills couldnt be sold -forced to run w/ ppl to Canada -eventually forced on reservation -"I will fight no more forever!" Geronimo (Apache Chief) -most famous Apache of all -slaughter of family caused him to fight against US -sporadic raids on settlements for 10 yrs -moved to "Hell's 40 Acres" -forced to go with tribe to Florida as prisoners - died there Wounded Knee -Chief Big Foot against military -military took Sioux to Wounded Knee, SD -military shot and killed 300 unarmed Ind., butchered children -ENDED INDIAN WARS technology 1) water pump 2) steel plow 3) barbed wire - Joseph Glidden PUSH factors in immigration conditions that drive people FROM their homes -poverty, scarce land -political and religious persecution PULL factors in immigration conditions that ATTRACT immigrants to a new area -promise of freedom and better life -family or friends already in US -factory jobs available 1 condition of immigrant travel travelled in steerage (airless rooms below deck) Ellis Island -NYC (East) -received a lrg amount of immigrants -imm. must pass med inspection b4 they can enter country -officials only had a few mins to inspect ea. person -names of immi. were changed -immi. didnt know where to go: unfamiliar territory Angel Island -SanFran,CA (West) -mainly from China and later Japan -more brutal than Ellis -long delays: not very quick urbanization movement of population from farms to cities tenements small apartment in a city slum building building codes laws that set standards for how buildings are constructed settlement houses community center that offers services to poor rules of housing (living arrangements) depended on ethnicity and wealth poor living lived in crowded slums in city center ; streets were crowded/dirty ; no heat/indoor bathrooms ; typhoid and cholera and tuber. killed thous. in tenements ; garbage rotted in streets ; factories polluted air ; lots of crime middle class living lived outside of city slums ; doctors, lawy, managers ; rows of neat houses ; little diseases wealthy living lived on outskirts of city ; mansions ; priceless arts and parties