AP Psych Unit 4: Memory
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Created by:
GS-Blimling10A on January 21, 2012
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| memory | learning that has persisted over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| storage | retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | process of getting information out of memory storage |
| long-term memory | relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
| working memory | a newer understanding of working memory that focuses on conscious active processing of auditory and visual-spacial information, and information retrieved from long-term memory |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information (such as space, time, and frequency) and of well-learned information (such as word meanings) |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| spacing effect | tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved by cramming |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items |
| semantic encoding | encoding of meaning, including word meaning |
| acoustic encoding | encoding of sound, especially sound of words |
| visual encoding | encoding of picture images |
| imagery | mental pictures; powerful aid to efforful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often automatically |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; lasts no longer than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of sounds |
| long term potentiation (LTP) | refers to a synaptic enhancement after learning; an increase in neurostransmitters releases or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses |
| amnesia | the loss of memory |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
| hippocampus | neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories |
| cerebellum | neural center in the hind brain that processes implicit memories |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only to identify items previously learned |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| deja vu | cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience that cause you to feel like "I've experienced this before" |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interfernece | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced, read about, or imagined |
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