Vitamins and Minerals Unit 6 MLT
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Vitamins | Diverse group of small organic substances that have varied functions. Helpful in small quantities and the body doesn't generally produce them. |
| RDA (recommended dietary amount) | Amount of selected nutrients considered adequate to meet established needs of healthy people. |
| Hypervitaminosis | A condition produced by the ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamins, commonly associated with excessive intake of vitamins A and/or D. |
| Threshold | The level that must be reached in which a substance begins to be excreted by the kidneys. |
| Minerals | Naturally occurring inorganic substance found in the human body. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the biochemical reaction that occur within the cell. |
| Vitamin Deficiency | The absence of one or more vitamins in the body. This results from a poor diet and/or the inefficient absorption of vitamins. |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K) | Are absorbed along with dietary fat in the small Intestine.They have a poor absorption rate. They are insoluble in the water environment of the bloodstream. Stored in the fat. |
| Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B Complex) | Absorbed in the small intestine and dissolve in the blood plasma. They are essential because the body doesn't store them. |
| Hypervitaminosis | Occurs with water-soluble vitamins, though it is associated with chronic consumption of mega-doses. |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | Fat soluble vitamins. Critical for normal vision, Growth and maintenance of healthy epithelial tissue and bone. |
| Vitamin A Deficiency | Common symptom is night blindness, Skin can become dry pimply like that of a toad. |
| Vitamin D (Calciferol or Calcitriol) | Fat soluble vitamin. Promotes growth and maintenance of bone. Certain forms serves to regulate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. |
| Vitamin D Deficiencies | Cause Rickets in children. Osteomalacia and skeletal deterioration (cause by a lake in the diet). |
| Rickets | Softening of the bone, bone deformities, and rarely occurs in the U.S. and other developed countries largely due to the consumption Vitamins D-fortified milk. |
| Vitamin E (Tocopherols) | Fat-soluble vitamins. Unknown to humans as a main function but plays a role as an antioxidant preventing cellular damage. |
| Vitamin K | Fat-soluble vitamins. Promotes blood clotting by increasing the synthesis of several coagulation proteins in the liver (prothrombin is the most important). |
| Vitamin K Deficiencies | Common sign is prolonged clotting time, which is prolonged bleeding and bruises under the skin. Most common in newborn and also in patients with a poor fat absorption ot taking antibiotic therapy. |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine or Thiamin) | Water-soluble vitamins. Essential for normal carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Essential for growth. |
| Vitamin B1 Deficiency | Severe cases result in beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve damage, edema, and heart failure. More commonly, inflammation of nerves. Bruises and bleeding. |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Water-soluble vitamins. Required for the synthesis of essential coenzymes involved in energy metabolism, essential for growth. |
| Vitamin B2 Deficiency | Skin, eye, and tonque disorders, dermatitis. |
| Vitamin B3 (niacin or nicotinic acid) | Water-soluble vitamins. Required for the synthesis of essential coenzymes involved in energy metabolism, essential for growth. Helps release energy from nutrients. |
| Vitamin B3 Deficiency | Results in pellagra, a disease state associated with 4 D's. Gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea and ulcers, birth defects, nervous and metal disorders. |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Water-soluble vitamins. Metabolism of proteins and their precursor amino acids. |
| Vitamin B6 Deficiency | Can cause convulsions, kidney stones, lethargy and mental retardation. Disorders of the nervous system and skin. |
| Vitamins B9 (Folate or Folic Acid) | Water-soluble vitamins. Important component in the synthesis of DNA, amino acids and RBC. |
| Vitamins B9 Deficiency | Impaired normal cell division and retards growth. Reduced RBC levels and potentially anemia. Birth defects in the embryo. |
| Vitamin B12 (Extrinsic Factor or Cobalamin) | Water-soluble vitamins. Growth and division of all cells, especially RBC. Essential component in the synthesis of nucleic acids, supports the health of the nervous systems. |
| Vitamin B12 Deficiency | Primarily results in anemia and neurological disorders. Absorption in the intestines requires interaction with a protein called intrinsic factor (IF). |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | Water-soluble vitamins. Essential for the synthesis and maintenance of the protein collagen and other connective tissue. Maintain capillaries and has antioxidant activity, maintain the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes. |
| Vitamin C Deficiency | Produces scurvy (general weakness, anemia, swollen and bleeding gums, and etc), poor bone and wound healing. |
| Minerals | Electrolytes. in water environment, they have a ionic charge. |
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