AP Biology Chapter6
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TylerDWagner on January 23, 2012
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A Tour of the Cell (6.1-6.7)
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Light Microscope (LM) [6.1] | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
| Magnification [6.1] | The ratio of an object's image size to its real size. |
| Resolution [6.1] | A measure of the clarity of the image. It is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished. |
| Organelles [6.1] | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions. Suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Electron Microscope [6.1] | A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) [6.1] | A microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light. |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) [6.1] | An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. |
| Cell Fractionation [6.1] | Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another. |
| Cytosol [6.2] | Semifluid, jellylike substance. Where organelles and other components are found. |
| Eukaryotic Cell [6.2] | Most of the DNA is in the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. |
| Prokaryotic Cell [6.2] | No nucleus The DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed, called the nucleoid. |
| Nucleoid [6.2] | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
| Cytoplasm [6.2] | The interior of a prokaryotic cell. The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Plasma Membrane [6.2] | Functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. |
| Surface area to Volume | As a cell increases in size, the volume > surface area. |
| What do Animal Cells have that Plant Cells do not? | 1. Lysosomes 2. Centrosomes, with centrioles 3. Flagella |
| What do Plant Cells have that Animal Cells do not? | 1. Chloroplasts 2. Central Vacuole 3. Cell Wall 4. Plasmodesmata |
| Nucleus [6.3] | The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Nuclear Envelope [6.3] | The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
| Nuclear Lamina [6.3] | A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. Helps maintain the shape of the nucleus. |
| Chromosomes [6.3] | ... |
| Chromatin [6.3] | ... |
| Nucleolus [6.3] | A specialized structure in the nucleus. Consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins |
| Ribosomes [6.3] | Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Cellular components that carry out protein synthesis. |
| Free Ribosomes [6.3] | Suspended in the cytosol Produces enzymes that catalyze the 1st steps of sugar breakdown. |
| Bound Ribosomes [6.3] | Attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope. Produces proteins for the membranes, lysosome usage, and exportation from the cell (secretion). |
| Endomembrane System [6.4] | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. Includes: Smooth and Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles |
| Vesicles [6.4] | A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) [6.4] | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells. Makes up more than half the total membrane system in many cells. |
| Smooth ER [6.4] | Portion of the ER that is free from ribosomes. Functions in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and the detoxification of drugs and poisons. |
| Rough ER [6.4] | Portion of the ER studded with ribosomes. |
| Glycoproteins [6.4] | Secretory Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. |
| Transport Vesicles [6.4] | Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another. |
| Golgi Apparatus [6.4] | A center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping. Products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations. |
| Cis Face [6.4] | "Receiving" side of the Golgi Apparatus. Transport vesicles move material form the ER to the Golgi Apparatus. |
| Trans Face [6.4] | "Shipping" side of the Golgi Apparatus. Gives rise to vesicles, which pinch off and travel to other sites. |
| Cisternal Maturation Model [6.4] | The cisternae of the Golgi actually progress from the cis to the trans face of the Golgi. |
| Lysosome [6.4] | A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules. Is a digestive organelle, works best in an acidic environment. |
| Phagocytosis [6.4] | Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. |
| Autophagy [6.4] | When lysosomes use their enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material. |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | A disease where a lipid-digesting enzyme is missing/inactive. Causes lysosomes to fill up with indigestible substances. |
| Food Vacuoles [6.4] | Formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle. |
| Contractile Vacuoles [6.4] | Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell, thus maintaining a suitable concentration of ions. |
| Central Vacuole [6.4] | Prominent organelle in older plant cells, largest compartment in a plant cell. Functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules. |
| Mitochondria | Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen. |
| Chloroplasts | Found in plants and algae Sites of photosynthesis, they convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of sugars from CO2 and H2O. |
| Peroxisome [6.5] | An oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system. It imports its proteins primarily from the cytosol. |
| Sight of Cellular Respiration | Mitochondrion |
| Cristae [6.5] | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
| Mitochondrial Matrix [6.5] | Enclosed by the inner membrane Contains many different enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. |
| Sight of Photosynthesis | Chloroplast |
| Plastids [6.5] | Group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments. |
| Thylakoids [6.5] | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Granum [6.5] | A stack of thylakoids. |
| Stroma [6.5] | The fluid outside the thylakoids, which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes. |
| Glyoxysomes | Specialized peroxisomes that are found in the fat-storage tissues of plant seeds. |
| Cytoskeleton [6.6] | A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell. Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Motor Protein [6.6] | A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |
| Microtubules [6.6] | Hollow tubes Functions in the maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, and organelle movements. Thickest of the three types |
| Centrosome [6.6] | Microtubules grow out from here, a region that is often located near the nucleus and is considered a "microtubule-organizing center." |
| Centrioles | Within the centrosome... Compose of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. |
| Flagella [6.6] | Long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move. |
| Cilia [6.6] | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner. |
| Basal Body [6.6] | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. |
| Dyneins [6.6] | Large motor proteins, composed of several polypeptides. |
| Microfilaments [6.6] | Two intertwined strands of actin Functions in maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility, and cell division. |
| Actin [6.6] | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells. |
| Cortex [6.6] | The tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal. |
| Myosin [6.6] | A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber. |
| Pseudopodia [6.6] | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| Cytoplasmic Streaming [6.6] | A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells. This movement speeds the distribution of materials within the cell. |
| Intermediate Filaments [6.6] | Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables Functions in maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain organelles, and formation of nuclear lamina. |
| Cell Wall [6.7] | An extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells. The wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water. |
| Primary Cell Wall [6.7] | A relatively thin and flexible wall secreted by a young plant cell. |
| Middle Lamella [6.7] | Between primary walls of adjacent cells A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. |
| Secondary Cell Wall [6.7] | Between the plasma membrane and the primary wall. Often deposited in several laminated layers, has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support. |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) [6.7] | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides. |
| Collagen [6.7] | Forms strong fibers outside the cells. |
| Proteoglycans [6.7] | A glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells. |
| Fibronectin [6.7] | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix. |
| Integrins [6.7] | A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
| Plasmodesmata [6.7] | Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
| Tight Junction [6.7] | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. |
| Desmosomes [6.7] | Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets. Attach to muscle cells to each other in a muscle. (Anchoring Junctions) |
| Gap Junctions | Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Similar in function to the plasmodesmata in plants. (Communicating Junctions) |
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