DNA RNA and protein synthesis vocab
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nucleotide | in a nucleic acid chain a subs-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous group |
| deoxyribose | five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
| nitrogen base | an organic base that contains nitrogen such as purine or pyrimidine |
| purine | a nitrogenous base that has a double ring structure |
| pyrimidine | a nitrogenous base that has a single ring structure |
| hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to high electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| base pairing rule | the rules stating that cytosine - guanine and adenine- thymine in dna and with uracil in rna |
| complimentary base pair | the nucleotide bases in one stand of DNA or RAn that are paired with those of another strand |
| DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA |
| helicase | an enzyme that separates to DNA strands |
| replication fork | a y shaped point that results when 2 strands of DNa double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated |
| DNA Polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| tumor | a growth that arises from normal tissue but that grows abnormally in rate and structure and lacks a function |
| Ribonucleic acid | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template |
| translation | the portion of protein synthesis that take place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains |
| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| ribose | a five carbon sugar present in RNA |
| messenger RNA | a single stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein |
| ribosomal RNA | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| transfer RNA | an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
| promoter | a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene |
| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids, a specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| codon | in DNA a three nucleotide sequence tat encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
| anticodon | a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
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