| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Animal cloning via nuclear transplantation | replace the nucleolus of an egg cell with an adult somatic cell, grow the cell, implant the blastocyst into a surrogate mother- first performed on frogs in 1950 |
| reproductive and therapeutic cloning | the two main forms of animal cloning |
| Dolly the sheep | the 1st mammal clone |
| Ian Wilmut | Scottish researcher who created the first mammal clone |
| farmers, clone good cows and fast horses | several practical applications of reproductive cloning |
| moral issues- "Are we playing God?" Practical- animal cloning is extremely difficult and inefficient | the practical and ethical issues associated with reproductive cloning |
| therapeutic cloning | produce embryotic stem cells- can divide indefinitely and can differentiate into any type of cell- different hormones to produce cell needed |
| produce blood cells, new tissue or organs | possible applications of therapeutic cloning |
| people will harvest embryos just to get stem cells | technical problems and ethical issues of therapeutic cloning |
| recombinant DNA technology | techniques for synthesizing recombinant DNA in vito and transferring it into cells, where it may be replicated and expressed |
| study of ecol i | how the study of recombinant DNA technology began |
| plasmids | small ring of DNA found in prokaryotes and yeast that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome |
| gene cloning | production of multiple copies of one gene |
| genetic engineering | direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
| biotechnology | use of living organisms to perform useful tasks- usually involves DNA |
| restriction enzyme | bacterial enzymes the cut DNA through specific recognition sequences, and provide protection for the bacteria |
| sticky ends | restriction fragments with overlapping ends and can bond with complementary DNA |
| blunt ends | restriction fragments with no overlapping ends and that never combine with another type of DNA |
| restriction enzymes have specific recognition sites, an enzyme is used to cut out a specific gene and the same enzyme is used to cut open a plasmid; sticky ends of the gene and the plasmid will hydrogen bond; use DNA ligase to produce recombinant DNA | explain how restriction enzymes can be used to produce recombinant DNA |
| Isolate DNA from 2 sources; cut both types of DNA with the same restriction enzyme; mix DNAs, they join by base pairing; add DNA ligase to bond DNA covalently; incubate the bacteria at 42 degrees C in Calcium Chloride; put plasmid into bacterium by transformation; use genetic marker to identify bacteria that contain the recombinant plasmid- clone bacteria | The procedure for cloning recombinant plasmids |
| genomic libraries | library of genes where each gene is in a specific location |
| cut the genome into fragments and place the fragments into a plasmid or phage DNA- using restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and anything used for transformation | how do you create a genomic library |
| transcription- transcribe DNA into RNA in the nucleus; RNA splicing- get rid of introns; isolation of mRNA from cell and addition of reverse transcriptase to synthesis a new DNA strand; breakdown of RNA- enzymes added; Synthesis of second DNA strand- DNA polymerase is used | explain the steps involved in cloning a gene using reverse transcriptase |
| DNA | produced in nucleus via DNA replication- contains introns |
| cDNA | DNA made in a test tube using reverse transcriptase- does not contain introns |
| Bacteria | the best manufacturer of protein products- primarily e coli |
| Yeast | used to mass-produce gene products when eukaryotic cells are required to manufacture a protein- primarily S. cervisiae |
| Mammals | recombinant DNA technology used to add human genes for a desired human trait or protein to the genome of this in such a way that the gene's product (protein) is secreted in an animal's milk |
| therapeutic hormones | insulin; prior to 1982 insulin for diabetics came from pig and cattle tissue; doesn't always work for humans; bio-engineered insulin is always human so it always works |
| Diagnosis and treatment of diseases | we are able to identify specific diseases or alleles; allow us to treat it better |
| Vaccines | the harmless variate of a pathogen- stimulate host organisms immune system to mount a long term defense against the pathogen- make protein from virus coat |
| - know part of the DNA sequence for the gene your looking for; - short single strands of DNA w/ complementary sequence is labeled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent dye; - used to find a specific gene or nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA | explain how scientists use nucleic acid probes to identify specific genes |
| DNA microarrays | glass slide carrying 1,000s of dif. kinds of single stranded DNA fragments arranged in an array; each well contains DNA from a particular gene |
| - mRNA isolated: reverse trancriptase and fluorescent DNA nucleotides, reasearchers isolate all of the m RNA transcribed from genes in a particular type of cell; - cDNA made from mRNA: this collection of mRNA is combined w/ reverse trancriptase to produce a mix of cDNAs that have been modified to glow; - cDNA applied to wells where it binds to complementary sequences: a small amount of labeled cDNA is added to each of the DNA fragments in the microarray, if a molecule in the cDNA is complementary to a DNA fragment it will bind at that point; - unbound cDNA rinsed away: fluorescent spot=expressed gene, after non-binding cDNA is rinsed away, the remaining cDNA produces a detectable glow, the pattern of glowing spots enables the researcher to tell what genes are turned on or off in a cell | explain how scientists use DNA microarrays for gene activity |
| gel electrophoresis | negatively charged DNA is placed into the wells of the gel; apply the current; negative DNA is pulled to the positive end; small pieces travel faster and further; seperate DNA based on the size of the fragments |
| genetic marker | an allele tract in genetic study; a specific section of DNA that earmarks a particular allele- unique to each individual |
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) | differences in homologous DNA sequences that are reflected in different lengths of restriction fragments; produced when DNA is cut with restriction enzymes |
| restriction fragment preperation; gel electrophoresis; blotting; radioactive probe; detection of radioactivity | explain how restriction fragment analysis is used to detect potentially harmful alleles in heterozygous individuals who are free of symptoms |
| forensic science | scientific analysis of evidence from crime scenes and other investigations |
| gene therapy | a treatment for a disease in which the patients defective gene is altered |
| insert the normal gene into a retro virus that has been rendered harmless; infect the bone marrow cells with the virus in a test tube; viral dna with the normal gene inserts itself into the bone marrow- chromosome in the cell; inject the cell into the patient | explain the process of gene therapy |
| PCR | used to amplify DNA sequences; techniques used to obtain many copies of DNA |
| PCR | a small amount of DNA is mixed with the enzyme DNA polymerase, DNA nucleotides, and a few other imgredients and is allowed to replicate repeatedly in a test tube |
| human genome project | an effort to map the entire human genome in total detail by determining the entire nucleotide sequence of human DNA |
| 3 stages of HGP | 1) Gene mapping 2) physical mapping 3) DNA sequencing |
| J. Craig Venter | scientist who left the HGP and formed Celera genetics- "shotgun method"- faster to sequence genomes |
| better understand diseases, embryotic development, evolution | benefits of mapping the human genome |
| 25,000 | estimated number of human genes |
| promoter region, introns, exons, repetitive DNA sequences, non-coding DNA | composition of a chromosome |
| telomeres | tips of chromosome; wear away as you age- cell death because of significant lose; serve a protective function |
| transpoons | "jumping genes"; transposable; move from one site to another |
| proteomics | study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions |
| genetically modified organism | organism that aquires on or more genes by artificial needs; may or may not be from a dif. species |
| transgenic organism | organism that contains a gene from a dif. species |
| putting betta carotin into rice- helps nutritional content; increasing muscle production; increase wool value | what are some possible applications of genetically modified organisms and transgenics |
| BLA! | BLA! |
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