Microbiology Test 1
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Created by:
HPRICE0013 on January 24, 2012
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Branch of chemistry which studies chemical reactions of living things | Biochemistry |
| Branch of microbiology in which microbes are manipulated to manufacture useful products | Biotechnology |
| Use of microorganisms to metabolize toxins in environment to reclaim soils/waterways | Bioremediation |
| Study of causation of disease | Etiology |
| Study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans | Epidemiology |
| Study/use of immunological tests to diagnose & treat disease or identify antibodies or antigens | Serology |
| Lacks nucleus; bacteria & archaea | Prokaryote |
| Contains nucleus | Eukaryote |
| Acquired at a healthcare facility | Nosocomial |
| Rod-shaped prokaryote | Bacillus |
| Spherical prokaryote | Coccus |
| Examined blood of animals infected w/ anthrax; Etiology & Koch's postulates; Petri dishes; steam to sterilize media; techniques to transfer media; staining techniques | Koch |
| Coined the word cell; used cork | Robert Hooke |
| Results led to chemotherapy; magic bullets | Paul Ehrlich |
| Pharmaceutical microbiology; Penicillin | Alexander Flemming |
| Modified & advanced idea of antiseptic; hospital microbiology | Joseph Lister |
| Associated w/ biogenesis, which means life coming from life | Rudolph Virchow |
| Results led that there must be a life force that causes inanimate matter to come to life; animals couldn't arise spontaneously, but microbes could | John Needham |
| Associated w/ vaccinations (small pox & cow pox); Serology & Immunology | Edward Jenner |
| Results led scientists to doubt Aristotle's theory & adopted views that animals come from animals | Francesco Redi |
| Disproved spontaneous generation; industrial microbiology & pasteurization; father of microbiology | Louis Pasteur |
| Discovered bacteria; used microscopes | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
| What microbes are smaller than eukaryote cells & live single or in chains/pairs/clusters | Archaea |
| What microbes are isolated from extreme environments & live in sufficient moisture | Archaea |
| What microbe is not known to cause disease | Archaea |
| What microbe is prokaryotic & reproduce asexually | Bacteria |
| What microbe is eukaryotic; obtains its food from other organisms; & has cell walls | Fungi |
| What microbe includes molds & yeasts | Fungi |
| What microbe is a single-celled eukaryote; classified by locomotive structures; & typically live freely in water, but can live in animal hosts where it can cause disease | Protozoa |
| What is a multicellular eukaryotic worm that is sometimes parasitic | Helminths |
| What is a tiny infectious acellular agent w/ nucleic acid surrounded by proteinaceous capsomeres that form a covering called a capsid | Virus |
| What is the microbial production of alcohol from sugar | Fermentation |
| What is the study of the body's defenses against pathogens | Immunology |
| When is an atom neutral | When the number of electrons equals the number of protons |
| What are fats, proteins, & complex carbohydrates all produced by | Dehydration synthesis |
| What bacteria causes anthrax? | Bacillus anthracis |
| What bacteria causes cholera | Vibrio cholerae |
| What does pH stand for | Potential hydrogen |
| What are values with a pH of 7 and below considered | Acidic |
| What are values with a pH of 7 and above considered | Basic |
| What substances, such as proteins, prevent drastic changes in internal pH | Buffers |
| When carbon atoms are linked solely by single bonds, every carbon atom is covalently linked to two hydrogen atoms, what is this | Saturated fat |
| When at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms, and therefore contain at least one carbon atoms bound only to a single hydrogen atom, this is called what | Unsaturated fatty acid |
| If several double bonds exist in even one fatty acid of a molecule of fat, what is it | Polyunsaturated fat |
| What is composed of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sulfur | Proteins |
| Name the functions in which proteins have in cells | Structure, enzymatic catalysis, regulation, transportation, & defense/offense |
| Proteins are polymers composed of monomers called _____ | Amino acids |
| Most organisms only use __ amino acids in the synthesis of proteins | 21 |
| What is the basic amino acid group | -NH2 |
| What is the acid carboxyl group in an amino acid | -COOH |
| The different ______ affect the way amino acids interact with one another within a given protein | Side groups |
| Amino acids are _________ in water because they contain both an acidic carboxyl group & a basic amino group | Easily soluble |
| Adenine & guanine are double-ringled molecules of what class | Purines |
| Cytosine, thymine, & uracil are single-ringed molecules of what class | Pyrimidines |
| What acts as an enzyme & binds amino acids to form polypeptides | RNA |
| Each monomer of a nucleic acid is a ______ | Nucleotide |
| Nucleotides consist of 3 parts, what are they | Phosphate; pentose sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose); & a nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil) |
| What are nucleic acids | Polymers |
| Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides linked by _______ bonds between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next | Covalent |
| ______ bonds readily form between specific bases of two adjacent nucleic acid chains | Hydrogen |
| What is the genetic material of all organisms and many viruses | DNA |
| What carries the instructions for the synthesis of RNA molecules & proteins | DNA |
| Bacteria use ______, which are sticky, bristle- like projections, to adhere to one another and substances in the environment | Fimbriae |
| What are slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate by means of fimbriae & glycocalyces | Biofilms |
| What are the important structures for biofilm formation | Fimbriae & glycocalyces |
| What differentiates between two large groups of microorganisms | Gram Stains |
| What color are Gram-positive cells | Purple |
| What color are Gram-negative cells | Pink |
| Flood smear w/basic dye crystal for 1min, then rinse w/ water | First step in Gram Stain |
| Flood smear w/ iodine solution for 1 min, then rinse w/ water | Second step in Gram Stain |
| Rinse smear w/ a solution of ethanol & acetone for 10-30sec, then rinse w/ water | Third step in Gram Stain |
| Flood smear w/ safranin for 1min, then rinse w/ water | Fourth step in Gram Stain |
| Crystal violet colors all cells, what is called | Primary stain |
| A mordant is a substance that binds to a dye & makes it less soluble, what is an example | Iodine |
| Ethanol & acetone break down the thin cell wall of Gram-negative cells; leaving them colorless, what is this solution called | Decolorizing agent |
| Safranin provides a contrasting color to the primary stain, what is this called | Counterstain |
| Acid-fast stains stain cells of the genera _______ & _______, which cause many human disease such as TB & leprosy | Mycobacterium & Nocardia |
| Cover smear w/ a small piece of tissue paper to retain dye during procedure | First step in Acid-fast Stain |
| Flood slide w/ red primary stain, carbolfuchsin, for several minutes while warming it over steaming water | Second step in Acid-fast Stain |
| Remove tissue paper, cool slide, & decolorize smear by rinsing it w/ a solution of hydrochloric acid & alcohol | Third step in Acid-fast Stain |
| Counterstain w/ methylene blue | Fourth step in Acid-fast Stain |
| What does EID stand for | Emerging infectious diseases |
| What are EIDs | Diseases that appear in a population for the first time |
| Give two examples of EIDs | H1N1 & SARS |
| What can live w/ or w/o oxygen | Facultative anaerobes |
| Pseudomurein makes up what organism's cell wall | Archaea |
| Peptidoglycan makes up what organism's cell wall | Bacteria |
| What is multicellular & reproduces by sexual & asexual spores | Mold |
| What is unicellular & reproduces by asexual budding & sexual spores | Yeasts |
| What can reproduce by asexual binary fission | Bacteria |
| What is the study of blood serum | Serology |
| What is the most abundant substance in organisms & has 2 polar covalent bonds | Water |
| What is a cohesive molecules that helps w/ surface tension | Water |
| What is an excellent solvent | Water |
| What stays a liquid on a wide range of temperatures | Water |
| What can absorb significant amounts of energy w/o changing temperature | Water |
| What participates in many chemical reactions in a cell | Water |
| What is dissociated into 1 or more H+ & 1 or more anions | Acid |
| What binds w/ H+ when dissolved in water & some dissociate into cations & OH- | Base |
| On the nucleic acid structure, there are __ bonds between __ & __ | 3; C&G |
| On the nucleic acid structure, there are __ bonds between __ & __ in DNA, or __ & __ in RNA | 2; A&T, U&A |
| DNA is double stranded in most ____ & _______ | Cells & viruses |
| What are small, ~1.0um in diameter | Prokaryotes |
| What are larger, 10-100um in diameter | Eukaryotes |
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