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Nucleotide Repeating subunit of DNA Nucleotide Sugar Nucleotide Phosphate group (PO43-) Nucleotide Nitrogen base Nitrogen bases Adenine Nitrogen bases Thymine Nitrogen bases Cytosine Nitrogen bases Guanine Nitrogen bases Uracil (RNA Only) A - T 2 hydrogen bonds in between C-G 3 hydrogen bonds in between Watson - Crick Important scientist that discovered the double helix Robert Hook First to see the cell wall of a plant cell (he came up with the name cell) DNA Double stranded DNA Sugar is deoxyribose DNA A - T DNA More advanced than RNA (probably "newer") DNA Controls the making of proteins DNA Is considered the "thinking part" of the cell RNA Single stranded RNA Sugar is ribose RNA A - U RNA Plays a role in protein synthesis RNA several types (tRNA, rRNA, mRNA) RNA can act as its own enzyme - ribosyme DNA Replication necessary for mitosis Helicase unzips the DNA ladder (breaks hydrogen bonds Helicase its an enzyme Transcription converting the langauage of DNA into the language of RNA Transcription occurs in the nucleus of Eukaroytic cells Transcription involvels mRNA Translation making sense of the instructions in order to make the correct protein Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells Translation involves tRNA 13. mRNA messenger RNA 13. mRNA converts DNA into RNA tRNA transfer RNA tRNA brings the amino acids to the mRNA and places them in the correct sequence rRNA ribosomal RNA rRNA most abundant type of RNA rRNA located at the ribosme rRNA helps make the protein prokaryotic cells transcription and translation happen at the same time and at the same place eukaryotice cells translation out in the cytoplasm eukaryotice cells transcription inside nucleus codon nitrogen bases (in sets of 3) that are on the mRNA anticodon nitrogen bases (in sets of 3) that are on the tRNA Locations of DNA inside the nucleus Locations of DNA inside the mitochondria Locations of DNA inside chloroplast Locations of RNA inside the nucleus (mRNA) Locations of RNA inside the cyctoplasm (tRNA) Locations of RNA on the ribosome (rRNA) mutation change in DNA causing a change in proteins point mutation one base pair is incorrectly matched point mutation usually does not change the phenotype of the protein point mutation exception is sickle cell anemia frameshift mutation caused by insertion or deletion frameshift mutation causes all codons to shift down or up making major changes in phenotype of protein neutral mutations sometimes a change in DNA does not even affect the phenotype introns segments of mRNA that stay inside the nucleus and never even leave exons segments of mRNA that EXIT the nucleus and begin to be worked on by the tRNA mRNA transcription tRNA translation rRNA actually finishes the assembling of the proteins RNAi somehow deals with turning off genes Blastula hollow ball of cells Gastrula infolding or "pushing in" Protostome infolding becomes mouth Deuterstome infolding become anus and mouth on opposite side Ectoderm gives rise to skin and primitive nerve tissue Endoderm gives rise to digestive tract Mesoderm gives rise to most of the complex organs of the body Embyrology study of shape of orgnanisms (before they are born) to determine how closely related that they might be Aceolomate no cavity Pseduoceolomate mesoderm only partly surounds the cavity Ceolomate mesoderm completely surrounds the cavity Histones proteins that DNA wraps around