Unit 1: Revolutions/Napolean/Nationalism
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Created by:
jmweiland Plus on January 24, 2012
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This set deals with the French Revolution, Napoleon, Revolutions in Haiti and Latin America, and the Rise of Nationalism and the Nation-State
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132 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Old Regime | the political and social system that was around in France before the French Revolution |
| Estate | one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution |
| First Estate | consisting of the clergy |
| Second Estate | consisting of the nobility |
| Third Estate | consisting of the rest of the population |
| Louis XVI | King of France before Revolution-spend extravagantly and helped American Revolution-government in debt |
| Marie Antoinette | spent very extravagantly; disliked by French population |
| Estates-General | an assembly of reps from all 3 estates of France; called by Louis XVI |
| National Assembly | a French congress established by reps of the 3rd Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms for the good of the French people |
| Tennis Court Oath | a pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they promised to keep meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution |
| Great Fear | a wave of senseless panic that swept through the countryside of France after the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 |
| Legislative Assembly | a French congress that could create laws and approve declarations of war; established by the Constitution of 1791 |
| Émigré | someone leaving native country for political reasons; ex. nobles and others who left France during peasant uprisings of the French Revolution |
| Sans-culotte | in the French Revolution, a radical group of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages |
| Jacobin | member of a radical political organization who called for the death of all those who kept supporting the king |
| Guillotine | a machine used to behead people; used for humane execution in the French Revolution and beyond |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Jacobin leader who set out to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past and ruled France as a virtual dictator |
| Reign of Terror | mid 1793-mid 1794; Maximilien Robespierre ruled France as practically a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed |
| Coup d'etat | a sudden seizure of political power in a country |
| Plebiscite | a vote where a nation's people can approve or reject a proposal |
| Lycée | a government-run public school in France |
| Concordat | a formal agreement, especially between the pope and a government, having to do with Church affairs |
| Napoleonic Code | a comprehensive and uniform system of laws for France called by Napoleon; eliminated many injustices |
| Battle of Trafalgar | 1805-naval battle where British flee under command of Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon's forces |
| Blockade | using troops or ships to stop commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region |
| Continental System | Napoleon's policy of stopping trade between Great Britain and continental Europe in hopes of destroying Great Britain's economy; fails |
| Guerilla | a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her own country/region |
| Peninsular War | 1808-1813; Spanish rebels with help from Great Britain, fought to drive Napoleon's troops out of Spain |
| Scorched-Earth Policy | the process of burning crops and killing livestock during wars so the enemy cannot live off land |
| Waterloo | Battle in Belgium that ended Napoleon's 100 Days and permanently exiled him to St. Helena |
| Hundred Days | 1815; brief time when Napoleon made last bid for power; deposed French king and was made emperor again |
| Congress of Vienna | 1814-1815; European leaders worked to make long-lasting peace and security after defeat of Napoleon |
| Klemens von Metternich | foreign minister of Austria and most influential of 5 "great powers" at Congress of Vienna |
| Balance of Power | political situation where no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat of others |
| Legitimacy | the hereditary right of a monarch to rule/taking borders back to where they used to be |
| Holy Alliance | Alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia after Congress of Vienna |
| Concert of Europe | series of alliances in Europe in 19th century to prevent outbreak of revolutions-devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich |
| 1% | What percent of the population did the 1st Estate represent? |
| 2% | What percent of the population did the 2nd Estate represent? |
| 97% | What percent of the population did the 3rd Estate represent? |
| 3rd | What estate paid the most taxes? |
| political cartoon | a visual used to convey political ideas as propaganda in a satirical way; especially about the 3 classes |
| Declaration of Independence | document that influenced the French Revolution by saying that "men are born free and remain free and equal in right," such as "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" |
| Church, Church, elected, state | The National Assembly took over _________ lands and declared that ________ officials were to be __________ and paid as ______ officials |
| radicals | opposed monarchy and wanted sweeping, extreme changes in government; |
| moderates | some changes in government |
| conservatives | limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government; status quo |
| similar revolts | Other European monarchs were afraid of the French Revolution because they did not want ___________ __________ to occur in their own countries |
| Parisians, massacred | When the Austrians and Prussians invaded, the _____________ were alarmed and ___________ many of their own people and suffered many defeats |
| death, king, Louis XVI | The Jacobins called for the _______ of all those who continued to support the _______ and eventually tried, convicted, and executed __________ for treason |
| republic of virtue | What did Robespierre build to strengthen France, make it anew, and protect the Revolution from enemies |
| de-Christianization | changed the calendar and street names to make France completely secular |
| strong central | What kind of government did Robespierre believe in? |
| execution of Robespierre | What brought the Reign of Terror to an end |
| military | How did Napoleon rise to such great ranks in France? |
| concordat, Pope Pius VIII | Napoleon signed a ______________ with ___________ |
| himself | Who put the crown on Napoleon: the Pope or himself? |
| Trafalgar | Where was Napoleon defeated by the British navy? |
| Russia | What country did Napoleon make a mistake invading? |
| Louis XVIII | new ruler of France after Napoleon |
| peace and stability | What was the main goal for the Congress of the Vienna? |
| hope | What did the French Revolution give to other groups who wanted to revolt? |
| San Dominique | What was Haiti called when it was a French colony? |
| black | What was the ethnicity of the majority of the people in San Dominique? |
| Touissant L'Overture | leader of the HaitianRevolution who was a former slave |
| yellow fever | What happened to the French troops that were sent to San Dominique? |
| Great Britain | Which country helped San Dominique in their rebellion? |
| slavery | What did Robespierre abolish in all French colonies in 1794? |
| Haiti | What was established on January 1, 1804? |
| San Dominique | What was the only successful slave rebellion? |
| peninsulares | Spain or Portuguese born people in Latin America-aristocratic-hand money, land, laws, and were in charge; temporary dwellers |
| creoles | Europeans born in Latin America; aristocratic land owners, had money, and positions in the government and army; want to be in charge but not |
| Creoles | Social group in Latin America that lead revolts |
| mestizo | mix of European and native person in Latin America |
| mulatto | mix of African and native person in Latin America |
| African | slave in Latin America |
| Miguel Hidalgo | priest; leader of 1st rebellion in Mexico |
| Grito de Delores | Document from Hidalgo that meant, "We want independence" |
| Creoles | Who got frightened by the success of Hidalgo and started supporting the Spanish government instead of him? |
| Jose Maria Morelos | took over for Hidalgo in Mexico and declared independence in 1813 but was defeated and executed in 1815 |
| revolution | What happened in Spain in 1820 that resulted in the king almost being deposed? |
| Iturbide | Mexican army general who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence; becomes emperor of Mexico but is overthrown because he is a tyrant |
| Simon Bolívar | leads army against Spain in Northern South America in attempt to overthrow Spanish control of governments in Latin America; very successful in Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Panama, Ecuador,etc; gained followers from multiple social groups |
| Grand Colombia | created by Bolívar combining Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru and northwest Brazil; very short lived |
| porteños | live near port in Argentina; see what's happening in Spain and want to use it to revolt against government down there; believe they have self-government because the Spanish government is so bad |
| Jose de San Martin | meets with Bolívar and discusses in 1822 in Ecuador the fate of the Revolution in South America; liberates South America |
| Spanish, slavery, military dictatorships | The Latin American countries removed any remaining ___________ officials, abolished __________, and eventually devolved into ____________ ___________ (which they are are today) |
| Brazil | most important Portuguese colony |
| moves, king, Pedro, independence | Brazil's imperial family _______ to Rio de Janerio when Napoleon invaded; After the Revolution in Portugal, the ______ in Brazil went back to Portugal; leaves son _________ in Brazil since he won't come back to Portugal-begged by Brazilians to get _____________ from Portugal-works!! |
| poor economy, Enlightenment, American Revolution | 3 long term causes of the French Revolution |
| liberalism | individual; wanted change; anti-absolutism; wanted democracy/Republicanism |
| Ottoman Turks | In 1821, the Greeks revolted against the |
| yes | Was the Greek revolt a success? |
| European countries | Who supported the Greek Revolution? |
| revolt | In 1848, almost every European country had some sort of _________ |
| romanticism | A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual; emphasized national heroes and cultural pride; does NOT emphasize established ideas |
| Camillo di Cavour | expanded Piedmont-Sardinia and unified Italy |
| Bismarch | expands Prussia |
| Mary Shelly | writes a gothic horror story-Frankenstein |
| military force | unification of Italy and Germany used |
| constitution | Otto von Bismarch violated his country's |
| Beethoven | famous romanticism composer |
| nationalism | creates nation-states, tore apart empires, and was opposed by conservatives |
| Metternich | The 1848 uprisings led to the resignation of |
| Piedmont | Sardinia controls |
| Victor Emmanuel II | Who is the king of Sardinia? |
| France, Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Piedmont-Sardinia, Russia | __________, ____________, _____________, and ______________ fight in a war against __________ called the Crimean War |
| Mediterranean | Russia wants access to the |
| Camillo di Cavour | New Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia appointed by Victor Emmanuel II |
| Italy | Piedmont-Sardinia gains new territory for |
| Austria, France | Cavour goads __________ to declare a war on Sardinia because its alliance with _________ is defensive |
| Garibaldi | In Southern Italy in Sicily, is a nationalist with an army called the "Red Shirts" |
| Garibaldi, Cavour | These two people unify their forces in order to unify Italy |
| kaiser | emperor of Prussia |
| real politik | tough, practical politics |
| Junker | wealthy, German landowner |
| German Confederation | collection of states created during the Congress of Vienna to enclose France |
| Prussia | strongest German State |
| Wilhelm I | Emperor of Prussia |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prime Minister of Prussia who knows how to get stuff done himself |
| Denmark | 1864: Prussia allies with Austria to declare war on |
| Austria | 1866: Prussia warring with __________ in the Seven Weeks War |
| Catholic | Southern territories of Prussia are ___________ but combine with the North because of nationalism |
| Franco-Prussian War | War where Bismarck gains support of Southern territories of Prussia and kicks France's butt |
| Germany | New country unified on January 18, 1871 that explodes into a powerhouse |
| romanticism | movement in art and ideas that focused on nature and the thoughts and feelings of individuals |
| realism | movement in art that tried to show life as it really was |
| impressionism | style of art using light and light-filled colors to produce an "impression" |
| romanticism | movement against Enlightenment |
| romanticism | Mary Shelley, William Wordsworth, Beethoven, Delacroix, Fredrich, Goya |
| realism | Charles Dickens, Emile Zola |
| impressionism | Monet, Pisarro, Degas, Manet, van Gogh |
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