1.
Absolute Monarch: Absolute: A monarch who acts as the head of state and has to binding constitution. Ex. Russia, Prussia, Spain, France
2.
Absolutism: constitutional monarch, absolute monarch, divine right
3.
Black Death: Greatest disaster in history of man kind. People think Mongolians started it. Carries by fleas and rats. Took 5 years to spread across Europe. The Jews were blamed for the disease. 30% of Europe's population died. Peasants benefited from labor shortage. Printing press was invented to compensate for lack of workers.
4.
Boyle: made the distinction between individual elements and chemical compounds
5.
Calvinism: • Predestination: the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Taught that the world was divided into two kinds of people—saints and sinners
• Austere Lifestyle: no singing bad songs, no dancing, no gambling, no drinking
• Puritanism- another form of Protestantism which simplified things even more and more strict
6.
Changes In Art: the popes and patrons supported new paintings, sculptures and architecture. these kinds of arts were flourishing. they were representing himans and landscapes in a realistic way. Represented human views. It was a new way of art like perspective, use of anatomy and shading.
7.
Complaints of Luther: Translation of Bible
• Spread word of the bible to everyone
• Didn't have to just be in Latin
• Shouldn't be the pope's interpretation
• Problem with getting exact meaning of words - have to interpret which is difficult if pope wants a literal Bible
8.
Complaints of Luther: Non-marriage of priests
• Unnecessary
9.
Complaints of Luther: Relics
• Churches and people were lying about relics to make money
• Superstitious
10.
Complaints of Luther: Church involvement in secular affairs
• Church should not involved with money
• Should not be involved with war
11.
Complaints of Luther: Confession
• People should be able to confess only to God
• People are afraid to confess to priests
12.
Complaints of Luther: Complaints of Luther
Indulgences
• Favored wealthy people
• Church should not be involved with money
• Too complicated and superstitious
13.
Complaints of Luther: Power of the Pope
• No biblical reason for pope
• Causes bad interpretations of bible
• People should be able to interpret it themselves
• Too much power
14.
Complaints of Luther: Power of priests
• Too elite
• Preform immoral acts because they cant have sex
• Believe there position justifies them
15.
Complaints of Luther: Raising money to build St.Peters
• Church used money from indulgences to build new church
• Extorting the people and treating them unfairly
16.
Constitutional Monarch: Constitutional: A monarch who acts as head of state but is bound to parameters of a constitution. Example: 1653 - king is brought back, Oliver Cromwell is no more and it is now a Constitutional monarchy (parliament is in control)
17.
Copernicus: polished astronomer. said the earth was one of several planets traveling around the sun.
18.
Da Vinci: the ultimate "Renaissance Man". Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, engineering and physics
19.
Descartes: •"I think, therefore I am"
•Discourse of Method
20.
Divine Right: Divine Right: Gods will for a person to rule
21.
Donatello: • The first main sculptor
• Created life-size statue of a soldier on a horse,
• First time a large, non-religious art had been done since ancient Greece/Rome
22.
Empiricism: •That which appeals to senses and can be recreated
23.
Encyclopedia: •Diderot
•20,000 copies printed
24.
Galen: had a limited amount of knowledge so made much error
25.
Galileo: constructed the telescope. he was attacked by the church because his ideas were so diverse from what the bible said and the church didnt want people to think outside the bible.
26.
Harvey: describes the circulation of blood.
27.
Hobbes: • Wrote Leviathan, where he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress one another
• Said that life in the "state of nature" would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
• People escaped this brutish life by entering into a Social Contract
• Believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly societyan absolute monarchy
28.
Humanism: -feeling of love, worship and importance to the human body stressing the value of goodness and human being.
-based on the study of classical culture. focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues
-humanists believed that education was key. the more education, the more creativity
-humanism cultural movement turned away from mid evil and traditional thinking's and revived interests in Greek and Roman thought
-an intellectual movement in Italy focused on worldly subjects
-they wanted to end suffering
-**Important because it broke people away from old ways and it was a new better way of looking at things
-Consequences - undermined religion, social mobility, effect on education
29.
Kepler: German agronomist that calculated orbits around the sun. Proved that the planets orbit in an oval not a circle.
30.
Kings: gave land to the lords; got men to fight for protection; collected taxed from the lords
31.
Leeuwenhoek: first person to see microorganisms
32.
Locke: thought people were naturally moral and reasonable. said people had natural rights such as life liberty and property. Wrote Two Treatises of Government, said people formed governments to protect their natural rights. To Locke, the best kind of government was one with little power. objected the monarch.
33.
Lords: gave land to nights and soldiers; got soldiers to fight for the king
34.
Machiavelli: -most famous writer in Italy
-most known for "The Prince" (name of a book)
-stressed that "the end justifies the means" meaning everything has consequences
-urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals
-he thought it was more important to get a result than to keep his word
-created a guide for rulers on how to get power and keep it
35.
Michelangelo: known for the Peta, Statue of David and Sistine Chapel and designed the dome for St. Peters Basilica.
36.
Newton: came up with "the force of gravity"
37.
Pare: Came up with new and more effective ways to prevent infections
38.
Peasants: had to ask permission from their lords to marry; received a small amount of land and sometimes were used as soldiers
39.
Problems with the Catholic Church: -wealthy rebelled
-priesthood was bad
-superstitions
-church lost its meaning (got too caught up in titles)
40.
Raphael: known for his Madonnas and School of Athens. his work blended classical and christian styles. he took christian motifs and put them against classical, Greek, and Roman backgrounds.
41.
Rationalism: logical thinking
42.
Renaissance: a time of creativity and change in many areas. political, social, economic, and cultural. Greek and Roman ideas such as humanism, science, and rationalism.
43.
Role of Church: churches and government ruled together. bishops and abbots would read and write for the king and often became vassals. local priests were appointed by local lords and expected to uphold the lords wishes.
44.
Rousseau: Believe people were naturally good in their natural state. this natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society. Wrote The Social Contract- he asserts that society places many restrictions on human behavior.
45.
Scientific Method: •Instead of relying on old methods, it relies on observation
•Scientists begin to collect and accurately record data
•Use data to form hypothesis or some possible explanation
•Then they test hypothesis with testing and observation
•Convert their experiments and observations into scientific laws
•Once they reach a conclusion they redo their process to confirm it
46.
Scientific Revolution: the period when medicine, and the study of anatomy started to arise
47.
Serfs: did not receive anything; equivalent to slaves
48.
Social Contract Theory: An agreement by which people gave up the state of nature for an organized government
49.
Soldier/Knights: gave small amounts of land for the peasants and serfs; peasants did work for them
50.
Spread of Puritanism: • Peace of Augsburg - Princes can choose religion for land
• Luther's ideas spread fast because printing press
• German princes supported Luther's beliefs for selfish reasons: it was a way to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor, a chance to seize Church property in their territory, and feelings of national loyalty
• Decline of Catholic Church power:
51.
State of Nature: Human's natural state without civilization
52.
Voltaire: •Used wit to expose abuses of his day
•Targeted corrupt officials and lazy aristocrats
•Candide
53.
Wollstonecraft: argued that women were being excluded from the social contract. felt that women should be able to decide what was in her interest and should not be completely dependent on her husband.
