BIOL 319 Lab 1 quiz
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olivia14anne on January 24, 2012
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Osteoblasts | bone forming cells; constantly resynthesizing new bone |
| Osteocyte | an osteoblast encased in bone and a bone maintaining cell |
| Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells; constantly resynthesizing reabsorbing bone (with osteoclasts and osteoblasts--> calcium in bones can be stored and released as needed); Osteoclasts accomplish destroying cells by secreting hydrochloric acid and collagenases |
| Intramembranous bone ossification (forms) | from fibrous membranes |
| Bone ossification | bone forming process |
| Intramembranous bone examples | Cranial bones and the clavicle |
| Endochondral bone ossification (forms) | by replacing hyaline cartilage |
| Endochondral bone examples | femur and thoracic vertebra |
| Osteon | structural unit of compact bone; composed of a central Haversian canal and the concentric lamellae surrounding that canal |
| Haversian canal | supplies blood for the osteocytes |
| Osteocytes | live within lacunae (holes) at the border of the concentric lamellae |
| Canaliculi | small weblike canals that connect osteocytes to each other and to the Haversian Canal |
| Volkmann's canals | run perpendicular to the osteon and connect the Haversian canals to the bone exterio; Blood vessels entering the bone through the Volkmann's canals supply nutrients and carry osteoblasts and osteoclasts into the bone |
| Stereotypical bone structure | A compact bone outer circumference and a spongy bone interior; the very center is filled with bone marrow |
| Periosteum | a fibrous outer layer that surrounds bone |
| Sharpey's fibers | ground the periosteum to the bone |
| Red bone marrow | hematopoietic or blood forming tissue provides the genesis for all blood cells--> Such tissue is present in the medullary cavity of the long bone diaphysis in juveniles, but is supplanted by yellow marrow (adipose tissue) during adulthood--> persists in flat and irregular shaped bones throughout life |
| Trabeculae | tiny ossified beams and struts that interconnect and leave spaces in between that form the overall structure of spongy bone or diploe (spongy bone of flat bones)--> spaces between trabeculae function as honeycombed passageways for interconnecting networks of blood vessels and hematopoietic tissue--> During growth of spongy bone, an individual trabecula can widen and lengthen by accretion of new bone along its outer surface. This accretion is orchestrated by osteoblasts (bone building cells) on the trabecula surface. These osteoblasts attach to the surface of trabeculae and ossify new extracellular bone matrix. |
| Cells | work together in functionally related groups called tissues. |
| Tissue | A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure. |
| Four Basic Tissue Types | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue | Basic Function: covering |
| Connective Tissue | Basic function: support |
| Muscle Tissue | Basic function: movement |
| Nervous Tissue | Basic function: control |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity; forms parts of most glands: Functions include protection, diffusion, absorption, secretion, ion transport, filtration, forms slippery surfaces |
| Classifications of Epithelia | First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers; simple- one layer of cells, stratified- more than one layer of cells; Last name of tissue describes shape of cells; Squamous- cells are wider than tall (plate-like); Cuboidal- cells are as wide as tall, like cubes, Columnar- cells are taller than they are wide, like columns |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Description: single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia; Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.; Location: kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
| Simple Cubodial Epithelium | Description: Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei; Function: Secretion and absorption; Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary structure |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells); Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) be ciliary action.; Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia; Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.; Location: Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract |
| Stratified Epithelia | Properties: Contain two or more layers of cells; regenerate from below (basal layer); major role is protection; named according to shape of cells at apical layer |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.; Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion; Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Description: Generally two layers of cubelike cells; Function: Protection; Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Description: Several cell layers; basal cells usualy cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar; Function: Protection; secretion; Location: Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands |
| Transitional Epithelium | Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch; Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine; Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra |
| Classes of Connective Tissue | Most diverse and abundant tissue; Main class- connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood; Cells separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix; Extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and fibers; Common embryonic origin- mesenchyme |
| Mesenchyme | Description: Embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells; Function: Gives rise to all other connective tissue types; Location: Primarily in embryo |
| Structural Elements of Connective Tissue | Cells- primary cell type of connective tissue produces matrix; Fibroblasts: make protein subunits, secrete molecules that form the ground substance; Chondroblasts- secrete matrix in cartilage; Osteoblasts- secrete matrix in bone; Blood cells- an exception: do not produce matrix; Areolar connective tissue contains: fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells |
| Structural Elements of Connective Tissue (fibers) | function in support; Collagen fibers- strongest; resist tension; Reticular fibers- bundles of special type of collagen (cover and support structures); Elastic fibers- contain elastin (recoil after stretching) |
| Structural Elements of Connective Tissue (Ground Substance) | Is produced by primary cell type of the tissue; Cushions and protects body structures (gel-like); Blood is an exception (plasma is not produced by blood cells) |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Has two subclasses: Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); Dense connective tissue (dense irregular, dense regular, and elastic) |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells; Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid; Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | Main battlefield in flight against infection; Defenders gather at infection sites: macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils |
| Adipose Tissue | Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet; Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs; Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts. |
| Reticular Tissue | Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network; Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages; Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast; Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength; Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast; Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction; Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers; Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration; Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes |
| Cartilage | Firm, flexible tissue; contains no blood vessels or nerves; matrix contains up to 80% water; cell type- chondrocyte |
| Hyaline cartilage | Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; condroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae; Function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress; Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; form costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx |
| Elastic Cartilage | Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix; Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility; Location: supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis |
| Fibrocartilage | Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate; Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock; Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint |
| Bone Tissue | Description: Calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; Osteoblasts: secrete collagen fibers and matrix; Osteocytes: mature bone cells in lacunae; well vacularized |
| Bone (Osseous Tissue) | Description: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vacularized; Function: Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis); Location: bones |
| Blood tissue | An atypical connective tissue; develops from mesenchyme; consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix |
| Blood | Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma); Function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances; Location: contained within blood vessels |
| Skeletal Muscle | Description: long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations; Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin |
| Cardiac Muscle | Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs); Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control; Location: the walls of the heart |
| Smooth muscle | Description: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets; function: propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control; Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs |
| Nervous tissue | Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells; Function: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity; Location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Regeneration of Tissues | Good to excellent: ET, bone CT, areolar CT, dense irrecular CT, and blood forming CT; Moderate: smooth muscle, dense regular CT; weak: skeletal MT, cartilage; None or almost none: cardiac MT, nervous tissue |
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