Anatomy and physiology II
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Efferent pathway | Pathway leaving the central nervous system and going to the effector organs (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles and glands) |
| Norepinephrine (NE) | Hormone released by postganglionic neurons to either stimulate or inhibit the target cell. |
| Preganglionic neuron | located within the CNS and synapses with postganglionic neurons |
| Vasomotor control center | Portion of the medula oblongata that regulates blood pressure |
| Craniosacral | Also called the parasympathetic division. Found on opposite ends of the CNS- brain stem and sacral region. |
| Effector organ | Capable of being activated by nerve endings. |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | is a hormone that excites in most cases (inhibition in cardiac muscle). It activates sweat glands. It is cholenergic. It is aslo used by all preganglionic neurons. |
| Postganglionic neuron | cell body in the ganglion; unmyelinated axon extends to a visceral effector organ. |
| Sympathetic NS | Controls our "fight or flight" responses or in other words arouses and stimulates. Works in the E's. Exitement, Emergency, Exercise, and Embarassment. |
| Dual Innervation | When both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions serve the same visceral organs but have opposite effects. |
| Antagonistic | When two systems work against each other or have opposite effects on the same target cells. In most instances, the parasympathetic nervous system antagonizes the sympathetic nervous system and vice versa. |
| Paravertebral ganglia | Also known as sympathetic chain ganglia, is a group of cell bodies that form a chain that runs along side the vertebral column. |
| Parasympathetic NS | Also known as our "rest and digest" This keeps energy low and directs "housekeeping" activities like digestion. Works in the D's. Digestion,Defacation, Diuresis. |
| Ganglion | Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS |
| Collaborative | Parasympathetic and sympathetic work together for the same function. |
| Vasoconstriction | A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels. |
| Thoracolumbar | In the sympathetic division, arises from spinal cord segments T1 through L2 |
| Endocrine System | collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis |
| Hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| Homeostasis | Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| Pineal Gland Function | It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions. |
| Hypothalamus Function | Located in the Brain, it is a vital endocrine gland that secretes several hormones that affect the pituitary gland. |
| Pituitary Gland Function | a small oval endocrine gland located beneath the hypothalamus and consisting of an anterior and a posterior lobe; the secretions of which control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation. |
| Thyroid Gland Function | located in the neck on either side of the trachea, just below the thyroid cartilage -secrete two main hormones Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) --these hormones are synthesized in the thyroid from Iodine -secretes a 3rd hormone: Calcitonin and is secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high. It stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones. |
| Parathyroid gland Function | secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which activates osteoclasts in order to increase blood calcium levels. |
| Adrenal Gland Function | -regulates electrolyte level, Regulates metabolism and -deals with stress "Fight or flight response" (EP, NE) -stimulates sexual drive (Corticoids) |
| Pancreas Function | Regulated blood/glucose levels |
| Function of Ovaries | Maturation of reproductive organs. Appearance of secondary sex characteristics. |
| Function of Testes | Maturation of reproductive organs. Appearance of secondary sex characteristics. |
| Insulin | hormone secreted by the pancreas to decrease blood sugar by causing cells to take in glucose. |
| Glucose standard curve | point of reference for converting optical density readings. |
| Gestational Diabetis | The kind of diabetis developed durring pregnancy and is due to a hormonal imbalance. Usually goes away after birth. |
| FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) | a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates sperm-forming cells in male mammals |
| Estrogen | Stimulates osteoblasts to deposite calcium into bone thus decreasing blood calcium. Estrogen increases bone density. |
| Calcitonin | A polypeptide, decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bone. |
| Osteoporosis | The decrease in bone density usually brought on by a decrease in estrogen levels. |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women |
| Cushing's Disease | condition characterized by both a high level of cortisol and ACTH. |
| Cushing's syndrome | condition characterized by a high level of cortisol and a low level of ACTH. |
| Addison's Disease | Condition occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol. Characterized by a high level of ACTH and a low level of cortisol. |
| Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome | unexpected side effects resulting from treatment by a physician. Same level as Cushings syndrome. |
| 3 Main Functions of Blood | Transportation, regulation, and protection |
| Special Characteristics of Red Blood Cells | Biconcave disks; no nuclei and most other organelles. Short lifespan. |
| Function of Erythrocytes | Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. |
| Function of Leukocytes | protection against pathogens such as bacteria, virus, and other foreign material |
| Function of Platelets | important in blood clotting and repair of blood vessels |
| Function of blood plasma | Solvent that transports nutrients, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, and urea. |
| Special Characteristics of White Blood Cells | Defend against disease |
| Antigen | a substance that stimulates an immune response |
| Where are antigens? | attached to blood cells |
| Antibody | a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
| Were are Antibodies | In the plasma |
| RH Factor | an antigen, first discovered in the rhesus monkey; a person is either Rh positive or negative |
| Negative feedback system | A negative feedback system works like this. After a target gland is stimulated, it releases a hormone which has the effects of decreasing the production of the first. An example of this is in the secretion of cortisol which is released by the adrenal glands. It's release is activated by ACTH which is a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. The activation of ACTH is stimulated by CRH which is produced by the hypothalamus. When the Adrenal glands secrete cortisol, it signals the hypothalamus to stop producing CRH, thus having a negative feedback effect. |
| High Cortisol Level | >22mcg/dl |
| Low Cortisol Level | <5mcg/dl |
| High ACTH Level | >79pg/ml |
| Low ACTH Level | <20pg/ml |
| Normal Blood Glucose Level | less than 110mg/dl |
| Borderline impairment of glucose uptake | 110-126mg/dl |
| Type II Diabetis | Above 126mg/dl |
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