| Term | Definition |
|---|
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| social reform | the effort to make society better and more fair to everyone |
| temperance | moderation in drinking habits |
| utopias | the "perfect" society |
| abolitionist | a person who tries to end slavery |
| emancipation | freeing of slaves |
| Sojourner Truth | Born Isabella Van Wagener. Worked for emancipation. She spoke and sold her biography at events. Became a traveling minister. |
| Richard Allen | organized the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church after they were told they could not sit with white members in another church |
| Horace Mann | worked to improve education. urged that schools be required for everyone. opposed whipping and other physical punishment. quote: "democracy is run by educated people" |
| Dorothea Dix | helped the disabled and worked for prison reform. set up hospitals for the mentally ill. separated prisoners and ended debtor prisons |
| Thomas Gallaudet | helped the disabled. set up schools for deaf people. taught students to read, write, read lips, and communicate through hand signals |
| Samuel Howe | helped the disabled. taught blind students how to read Braille |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | designed nation's first large urban park - Central Park |
| "Mother Ann" Lee | formed the Shakers |
| James Forten | worked for emancipation. sent a petition to Congress (1 out of 86 congressmen supported him). Crusaded against colonization |
| Theodore Weld | worked for emancipation. moved to Oberlin College (a center of anti-slavery movement) after getting kicked out of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati |
| William Lloyd Garrison | worked for emancipation. began the newspaper "The Liberator". formed the American Anti-Slavery Society |
| Harriet Tubman | worked for emancipation, was a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad, led more than 300 slaves north |
| Emma H. Willard | worked for education for women, opened first high school for girls (Troy Female Seminary) in 1821 |
| Mary Lyon | worked for education for women. opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (college) in 1837 |
| Elizabeth Blackwell | worked for womans' rights. first woman to earn a medical diploma in the US. started nursing school and hospital |
| Elizabeth C. Stanton | worked for womans' rights. called the Seneca Falls Convention, drafted "Declaration of Sentiments", pushed for equal rights - including that of the ballot |
| Lucretia Mott | worked for womans' rights, called the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Susan B. Anthony | worked for womans' rights, was also active in temperence and anti-slavery movements, was a gifted organizer and campaigner |
| Paul Cuffe | supported colonization, owned 38 ships, transported 38 volunteers to West Africa in 1815 |
| Sarah and Angelina Grimke | worked for emancipation, became quakers, published anti-slavery pamphlets, made speeches, presented a petition signed by 20,000 women |
| Herman Melville | American writer in the 1800s. drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material. Wrote "Moby Dick" |
| Walt Whitman | reform-minded poet in the 1800s. loved democracy. wrote about the common people. began to write his masterpiece, "Leaves of Grass" in 1848 |
| Edgar Allan Poe | poet, short-story writer, and critic in the 1800s. his works often explore the dark side of human nature. called the "father of mystery and detective fiction", best known for tales of terror and poems |
| Shakers | a religious group that formed an utopia. believed in the equality of all people. worshiped together and expressed their religious feelings in song and dance |
| camp meetings | large outdoor gatherings that lasted several days, during the Second Great Awakening |
| AME church | church started by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, an African American church |
| "The Liberator" | a newspaper Lloyd Garrison published starting in 1831 |
| Underground Railroad | a secret network of people who would shelter and feed escaping slaves along their way to freedom |
| "gag" rule | this barred debate on antislavery petitions in the House of Representatives |
| Seneca Falls Convention | conventions called by Mott, Staton, and 3 other women. 300 people showed up. drafted "Declaration of Sentiments" here |
| Declaration of Sentiments | a "declaration" written at the Seneca Falls Convention that was clevery based on the Declaration of Independence |
| Transcendentalists | people that believed that people find truth within themselves, not just through experience and observation |
| Emancipation Act of 1833 | abolished slavery in British colonies |
| Circuit Riders | traveling ministers who rode horseback over regular routes and preached |
| Liberia | colony in West Africa for free blacks |
| "Leaves of Grass" | Whitman's masterpiece, started in 1848, he continued adding to it for the rest of his life |
| "Moby Dick" | novel written by Melville about an obsessed sea captain who destroys himself and his crew in persuit of a white whale |
| "The Raven" | piece of work written by Edgar Allan Poe |
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