ULTIMATE ANATOMY FINAL REVIEW SEMESTER 1

Terms	Definitions
Anterior	Front
Posterior	Back
Superior	Toward top
Inferior	toward bottom
Homeostasis	maintains internal environment
apical	free surface
basal	under apical
basement membrane	underneath basal, basal lamina + reticular lamina
enzymes	function: lowers activation energy
differentiation	specialization of cellular activities
medial	nearer the mid line
lateral	farther from the midline
Nucleic Acid functions	protein synthesis, that controls cell activities genetic info
squamous	flat cells
cubodial	cubical cells
columnar	column cells
carbohydrates building blocks	monosaccharide
protein building blocks	amino acids
connective tissue	binds, supports, and transports
cartilage	flexibility, support
dense regular	attachment, force resistance
muscle action potential (MAP)	electrical signal stimulation
sarcomere	a contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber extending from 1 Z disc to another
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum	A network of saccules and tubes surrounding myofibrils of muscle fibers
Ca 2+ ions	ions reabsorbed during relaxation, released during contraction
Myosin (thick filament)	contractile protein that is in muscle fiber thick filaments
Actin (thin filament)	contractile protein that is in muscle fiber thin filaments
A-band	extends the entire length of thick filaments
I-band	contains only thin filaments extends into 2 sarcomeres divided by Z discs; alternates with A bands to give striated appearance
H-zone	contains only thick filaments, located in the middle of the sarcomere, at both ends of the A-band
Z disc	zig-zaging zones of dense protein material that separates sarcomere from one another
Cross bridges (myosin heads)	myosin heads attach to actin during contraction
Troponin	holds tropomyosin strands in place
Tropomyosin	covers myosin binding sites on actin to block myosin intake during muscle relaxation
Power Stroke	cross bridges swivel and release ADP
Sliding Filament Mechanism	how thin and thick filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length
shoulder	deltoids
front arm	bicep brachii
chest	pectoralis major
side muscles	external obliques
stomach	rectus abdominus
front thigh	quadriceps
upper back	trapezius
triceps brachii	back arm
middle back	latissimus dorisi
butt	gluteus maximus
hamstrings	back thigh
calf	gastrocnemius
tibialus anterior	tibialus anterior tibia, lower front calf
Abduction	Movement away from the longitudal axis of the body or away from the longitudual body part (abandoning the midline)
Adduction	Movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body or toward the longitudinal axis of a body part(adding to the midline)
Flexion	Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces that joint angle;movement in anterior direction(at the shoulder and hip); forward(anterior) bending of trunk "flexing arm"
Extension	Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the joint angle; movement in a posterior direction(at the shoulder and hip);backward(posterior) bending of the trunk "extending arm"
Circumduction	Moving a body part in large circular loop which inscribes a cone in space
Rotation	Movement around the longitudinal axis of the body or the longitudinal axis of a specific limb
Depression	A movement in the inferior direction; "frowning face"
Protraction	Motion of a body part anterirorly in the horizontal plane "moving jaw forward"
Retraction	Motion of a body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane, bringing the medial borders of the scapulae together "moving jaw backward"
Calcification	bone hardening
Demineralization	loss of bone mineral
Bone remodeling	replacement of old with new blood tissue
Ossification	formation of new bone
axial	ribs or skull
appendicular	upper/lower limbs (pelvic girdle)
Tendons	muscles attaches to bone
Ligaments	bone attaches to bone
Synovial gap	articulating bone space between free moving joints
Red bone marrow	produces red and white blood cells
Mechanical stress	makes bones stronger, relieves skeletal muscles w/ gravity
Concentric canal	circular areas of concentric rings of hard matrix in the bone tissue
Haversian canal	central circular opening in bone (where blood, nerve, and lymph vessels come in the bone)
Lacuaene	spaces in compact bone that contains mature blood cells
Canalucili	small canals that radiate through center of bone through rings
Osteocytes	mature blood cells
Osteoclasts	bone cells release acids and enzymes to break done bone tissue
Diarthrosis	moveable joint
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx	5 sections of vertebral column (top to bottom)
Gliding	Joint flat bones move back and forth from side to side movement over another bone surface without rotating.
Saddle	Joint that saddles and U shaped bones articulate to permit side to side and back and forth rotation.
Condyloid	Joint that moves back and forth and side to side by 1 bone surface that fits into the depression of another
Hinge	Joint type does the convex surface of 1 bone fit into the concave surface of another to produce movement into a single plane
support protection movement blood cell production	Functions of the skeletal system
Main function of cell membrane	permeability
reasons for data replication	consistency, recognize errors or invalid data
negative feedback system	reverses homeostasis
superficial	deep
cell receptors lipid bilayer integral proteins	cell structures
endocrine gland	excrete hormones into blood stream
active transport	uses energy to make cells move against the concentration gradient
exocrine gland	secretes substances on an open surface
facilitated diffusion	a type of passive transport that requires a protein carrier
proximal	closer to the origin of a structure
distal	further away from the origin of a structure
protein functions	cell structure, enzymes
carbohydrate function	stores energy
fibroblast	cells that secrete matrix components
matrix composition	fibers, ground substance
concentration gradient	difference of high and low concentration (electrical or chemical)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	its increased surface area for the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes in a cell
Epithelial tissue function	covering and lining
Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins	attach with carbs and lipids function: cell ID markers, cell communication
metabolism	all biochemical reactions with in the body
homeostasis	maintains body internal environment
differentiation	cell specialization
sliding filament mechanism	how thin and thick filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length
Power stroke	cross bridges swivel and release ADP
Muscle Action Potential (MAP)	electrical signal stimulation
osmosis	a water specific process. Usually, cells are in an environment where there is one concentration of ions outside and one inside. Because concentrations like to be the same, the cell can pump ions in an out to stay alive. The movement of water across the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion	Sometimes, proteins are used to help move molecules more quickly across the membrane
diffusion	a process in which there is a net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration