Physical Science - Chapter 8
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Created by:
treytonhoogland on January 25, 2012
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Acids, Bases, Solutions
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 solution | homogeneous mixture, substance must dissolve within another substance |
| solute | the substance being dissolved |
| solvent | the part that does the dissolving, usually in greater quantity |
| dissociation | the process in which an ionic compound separates into ions as it dissolves |
| dispersion | the breaking into small pieces that spread throughout the solvent |
| dissolving | this takes place at the surface only |
| ionization | process in which neutral molecules gain or lose electrons, a chemical change results |
| conductivity | the ability of a substance to allow electrical charges to flow |
| freezing point | adding a substance that dissolves in water will lower water's __ |
| boiling point | adding a solute to water also elevates (raises) water's __ |
| exothermic reaction | release to surroundings |
| endothermic reaction | absorbs from surrounding |
| factors that affect the rate of dissolving | stirring, temperature, surface area |
| stirring | increases the collisions between the solute and solvent |
| temperature | causes particles to move faster and also creates collisions |
| surface area | refers to the area of contact between solute and solvent |
| solubility | the amount of solute that will dissolve in 100g of water at a specific temperature |
| saturated | a solution in which no more solute will dissolve within the given solvent, adding more solute will not result in dissolving |
| unsaturated | a solution that is capable of holding more solute within a given amount of solvent |
| supersaturated | solutions containing more solute than the solvent will allow |
| like dissolves like | this means polar solvents will dissolve polar solutes |
| temperature | generally an increase in the __ will increase the solubility of the substance (exception - gas in liquid) |
| pressure | increased __ will increase the solubility of gases and liquids (but it has little or no effect on the solubility of solids in liquids) |
| acid | any compound that produces hydronium ions (H30) when dissolved in water (contains hydrogen that ionizes |
| properties of acids | sour taste, reactivity with active metals, affects indicators, good conductors |
| solubility curves | graph that shows solubilities of substances over a range of temperatures |
| reactivity | active metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas (corrosive) |
| indicators | substances that will change color in the presence of an acid or base (litmus) |
| sulfuric acid | (H2SO4), most widely used chemical, used in making of fertilizers, plastics and car batteries, dehydrating agent |
| hydrochloric acid | (HCl), stomach acid, used to clean rust from steel/iron |
| pickling | process that removes rust from steel/iron |
| nitric acid | (HNO3), uses include fertilizers and explosives (TNT) |
| strong acids | sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid |
| weak acids | carbonic acid, acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, ascorbic acid |
| carbonic acid | (H2CO3), found in pop |
| acetic acid | (CH3COOH or HC2H3O2), used in making vinegar |
| hydrofluoric acid | used to "etch" glass |
| ascoric acid | (H2C6H6O6), better known as vitamin C |
| two element acid | when naming this type of acid, add the word "hydro-" to the front - e.g. HCl - hydrochloric acid |
| three element acid | when naming this type of acid, go to the second element to name it - H2SO4 - Sulfuric acid |
| base | any compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-1) when dissolved in water, dissociates |
| properties of bases | bitter taste, slippery feel, affects indicators, good conductors, caustic |
| caustic | means wears away animal fibers |
| strong base | sodium hydroxide |
| sodium hydroxide | (NaOH), commonly called lye |
| weak base | calcium hydroxide |
| calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)2, used to neutalize acid soil, remove hair from animal hides |
| neutralization | reaction between an acid and a base |
| pH | the __ of a solution is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration |
| ways to determine the pH of a solution | pH paper, pH meter |
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