| Term | Definition |
|---|
| law of inertia | body at rest stays at rest |
| law of acceleration | accelartion due to force applications prportionoal |
| law of reaction | for every action, there is an apposite and equal reactions |
| statics (subfeild of biomechanics) | systems in contant motion |
| dynamics (subfeild of biomechanics) | systems subject to acceleration of deceleration |
| kinematis (subfeild of biomechanics) | describes spatial or temporal characteristics ; pull of the earth, graviety, forces from contact with other objects |
| Kinetics | study of actions of forces |
| accleration due to gravity | 9.81 N |
| weight into newtons | 90 kg (9.81)=882.9 |
| Linear types of motion | Rectilinear/ curvilinear |
| angular types of motion | most important when analyzing body movement |
| Combined angular and linear types of motion | general motion |
| superior | closer to the head |
| inferior | farther from the head |
| anterior | front of body |
| posterior | back of body |
| medial | towards midline of body |
| lateral | away from midline of body |
| proximal | close to trunk |
| distal | away from trunk |
| superficial | towards body surface |
| deep | inside body |
| sagital place | divides both into left and right halves |
| sagial mediolateral axis | flexion, extension, dorsiflection, plantar flexion |
| frontal plane | divides both into front and back halves |
| frontal anterposterior axis | abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, depression, elevation, ulna, and radial deviation, inversion, eversion |
| transervce plane | divides body into top and bottom halves |
| longitude axis | internal and external rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction |
| qualitative | feelings or personal response |
| quantitative | some kind of scientific or mathematical analysis |
| olecranon | elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| carpal | wrist |
| palmar | palm |
| phlanges | fingers |
| patellar | kneecap |
| poplitea fossa | back of knee |
| talus | ankle |
| tarsals | instep |
| axial | head, cervical, trunk |
| cervial | neck |
| cephalic | head |
| appandicular | upper limbs, lower limbs (includes shoulder blades) |
| synarthroidial | immovable joints (skull, and teeth fitting into mouth) |
| amphiarthrodial | slighly movable joints (syndemosis, symphysis, synchronidosis) |
| diathroiddial (synovial) | motion possible in one or more planes (anthrodial- gliding) |
| unipennate | fibers run obliquely from tendon on one side |
| bipennate | fibers run obliquely from both sides |
| multipennate | have several fibers with tendons running between them (deltoid) |
| origin | proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches to midline of body least moveable part |
| insertion | part attached farthest away from midline of body, most moveable part |
| Isometric | tension developed, no movement |
| isotonic | concentric, eccentric |
| concentric | shortens |
| eccentric | lengthens |
| agonist | cause joint motion through specified plane of motion (primary movers) |
| antagonist | located opposite agonist, opposite concentric action (able to relax muscle) |
| Stabilizers | surronded joint, enable another limb to enert force and move |
| synergist | assist in action on agonists (guiding muscles) |
| neutralizers | counteract the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements (contract to resist specific actions of other muscles) |
| muscle proprioceptors | internal receptors located in skin, joints, muscles and tendons the provide feedback, accomplish kinethesis |
| spindles | senstive to stretch, # depend on level of control |
| GTO: golgi tendon organ | require greater stretch to be activated, much less senstive |
| lever | rigid bar that turns on axis of rotation or fulcrum |
| F-A-R | frist class: axis (a) between force (f) resistance (R) |
| A-R-F | second class: resistance (R) between axis (A) and force (F) |
| A-F-R | third class: force (f) between axis (A) resistance (R) |
| force arm | distance betwen location and force and axis |
| resistance arm | distance between axis and point of resistance |
| equations for force | resistance/force.......................length of force arm/length of resistance arm |
| simple pulley | function to change effective direction of force application |
| Gait cycle | two steps=one stride: all activites that occur from the point of initial contact of one lower extremity to the point at which the same extremity contacts the ground again |
| alerted gait | self-selected gait most efficient, altering gait leads to premature fatigue, less effient use of msucle mass, less efficent muslce activation |
| antalgic gain | adopted to minimize pain, limp |
| stance phase | Heel strike, foot flat, midstance: body weight is directly over stance leg, heel rise, toe off |
| swing phase | initial swing(acceleration), mid swing, terminal swing (deceleration) |
| during swing phase | knee almost straight, gives just enough room for clearance |
| squat | eccentric contraction |
| nervous system controls | sensation, interpretation, execution |
| motor control | an area of study dealing with understanding the neural , physical and behavioral aspects of movement |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cordm (beings with singnal sent to motor neruons) |
| peripheral nervous system | somatic (voluntary) automatic (involuntary) |
| afferent pathway | sensory pathway |
| efferent | motor pathway |
| parts of neuron | necleus/ cell body/ axon/ dendrites/ axon terminals |
| function of interneuron | converge and integrate infromation to multiple sites |
| synapes | point of contact between two neurons |
| pre-synaptic neuron | sending information |
| post-synaptic neruon | recieving information |
| synaptic cleft | small space separating pre from post |
| acetylocholine | results in electrical impule sent to muscle |
| peptides | pain reduction |
| dopamine | without this comes parkinson |
| serotonin | controls mood, depression and hunger |
| disorders | parkinson: lack of dopamin and jerk and have spasms |
| huntingtons | genetic mutation causes overprodcution of glutamate will kills neurons is basal gangli |
| alzheimers | hippocampus is affected by built up unusual proteins: forget things |
| EMG | measurement of muscle electrical activity helps us understand how brain coordinate movement |
| focal | focusing on an object, mostly central vision, conscious |
| ambient | peripheral away from eye, and non-conscious |
| depth perception | combining infromation from both eyes |
| visual systems dominant | moving walls |
| vestibular system | provides info about orientation of body space, posture and balance |
| feedback | used to update knowledge and improve movement (closed loop) |
| feedforward | input to guide movement but not input about movement itself (open loop) |
| synase plasticy | ability for synapse to change ( allow habituation) |
| brain plasticity | PET scans scan the brain and can indicate brain activity |
| Reaction time | time interval between sitmulus and inital response |
| movement time | initiation of response to completion of movement |
| response time | sum of reaction time and movement time |
| anticipation timing | ability to make judgements based on information avaliable |
| motor learning | set of interval processess associtate with practive or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capability for motor skills |
| skiller perfromer | fast yet accurate, consistent |
| information processing | detect nature of information from sensory stimuli, integrate with stored memory, selec instruction from appropriate movement, execute movement |
| levels of movement | relfex: rapid, sterotypes involuntary/ voluntary: purposeful and goal directed; most complex ; learned and can be improved practice/ Rhythmic: typically only initiation and terminatino of movements are voluntry |
| Reflex | sensory input send inpur to spinal cord |
| open skills | enviornment unpredicatable |
| closed skills | envrionment predictable |
| qualitative | more scientific and specific |
| quantitative | large amoungs of info |
| random practice | different movement are alternated during practice session |
| blocked | performance of same movement |
Combine with other sets
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