| Term | Definition |
| The shape of a planet's orbit around the sun is | Elliptical |
| Who discovered sunspots? | Galileo |
| Who accurately recorded the position of the planet Mars? | Brahe |
| Who discovered the three laws of planetary motion? | Kepler |
| Another name for heat energy is | Infrared energy |
| What are the 4 characteristics of a mineral? | All solids, inorganic, definte chemical compositionm, and they are found in nature |
| Micas exhibit what type of cleavage? | Sheets |
| What are Ferromagnesian minerals? | Minerals with iron and magnesium - they are darker and heavier |
| List 2 major ores of iron? | Magnatite and Hemitite |
| What is Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron | One silicon atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms, basic building block of all rock-forming minerals |
| What is the hardness of a copper plate? | 3-3.5 |
| What is the hardness of a steel knife? | 5-5.5 |
| What is the hardness of a steel file? | 6.5 |
| The chemical composition of a mineral is always | the same |
| Sulfides all contain which element? | Sulfur |
| The most abundant silicate minerals are | Feldspars |
| Most rock-forming minerals contain what elements? | Silicon and oxygen |
| In order to determine a mineral's identity, you must know... | Luster, streak, hardness, and specific gravity |
| The specific gravity of a mineral is its density compared with the density of | water |
| According to your textbook, 98percent of the earth's crust is formed from about how many minerals? | 8 |
| From what mineral are pencil leads made? | Graphite |
| A quartz crystal's shape can be affected by what factors? | Space in which is grows and temperature |
| What mineral is salt? | Halite |
| The color of a mineral when it is ground into a fine powder | Streak |
| The second most common mineral in the earth's crust is | quartz |
| A mineral that is highly magnetic is most likely | Magnetite |
| Despite hematite's color, its streak is always | Reddish brown |
| The element with the symbol Hg is | mercury |
| The element with the symbol Sn is | Tin (Sn looks like sin, which rhymes with tin) |
| The element arsenic has the symbol | As |
| The element chromium has the symbol | Cr |
| Arch bridges built by the -?- are still standing | Romans *This may be a trick question on the test, look out* |
| Tensile forces are those which | Pull |
| Compressive forces are those which | Push |
| Wrought iron is weak in ? strength, but strong in ? stength | Compression, tensile |
| The ends of a beam bridge are supported by structures called | Piers |
| The deck of a suspension bridge is suspended by ties called | cables |
| Process in which an unstable atom breaks down | Radioactive decay |
| Component of a suspension bridge which supports the cables | Towers |
| Component of a bridge on which vehicles drive | roadway or deck |
| Bridge component on which a beam rests | piers |
| What most modern bridge suspenders are made from | steel cables |
| The finest early bridges were... | Roman arches |
| The structure of a bridge where its ends meet the ground | Abutment |
| Deck is supported by cables attached directly to a tower | Suspension |
| What are the common Oxides? | Hematite, Magnetite, Corundum, and Ice |
| Fracture | Any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place |
| Luster | The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| Cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding |
| Streak | The color of a mineral in powdered form |
| Hematite and magnetite are ores of | iron |
| Gem | a precious or semiprecious stone incorporated into a piece of jewelry |
| Mineral reserves | known deposits of minerals in the ground that are left there until needed |
| Composition of sulfides | All have sulfur |
| Composition of carbonates | All have carbon |
| Composition of oxides | All have oxygen |
| Composition of halides | contain iodine, chlorine, and gromen |
| According to your textbook, changing economic factors have forced mining companies to do what things? | stop mining certain minerals |
| Who discovered Jupiter's four largest moons? | Galileo |
| Effervescence results when acid is placed on what mineral? | Calcite |
| How do silicate minerals form? | cooled molten rock |
| How does salt rock form? | when ancient seas evaporated |
| Acid test is useful to use on what mineral? | Calcite |
| Color | obvious feature but is unrealiable |
| Magnetism is useful to use on what mineral? | Magnetite |
| Crystal Shape is important to what type of mineral? | Quartz |
| Calcite | bubbles when acid is placed on it |
| Graphite | Black streak |
| Magnetite | Magnetic |
| Sphalerite | yellow brown |
| Corundum | Hardness of 9 |
| Gypsum | Hardness of 2 |
| Milky Quartz | Hardness of 7, white |
| Sulfur | Pale yellow streak |
| Fluorite | Hardness of 4 |
| Halite | Salty taste |
| Pyrite | gold color, metallic, black streak |
| Galena | Metallic, high specific gravity |
| Hematite | Reddish brown streak |
| Rose-Quartz | Pink, Hardness of 7 |
| angles between corresponding crystal faces are... | the same |
| Names of the two inhabited bridges | Pont de' Vecchio and London Bridge |