| Term | Definition |
|---|
| four types of measurement error | lack of agreement among scores, failure of an instrument to measure consistently, failure of a tester to follow standardized testing procedures, lack of consistent performace by individual being tested |
| lack or agreement among scores | the more scores the greater the chances of error |
| failure of an instrument to measure consistenly | instrument not calibrated correctly |
| testing error | testers not using the standarized procedure or at least the agreed upon precdure |
| subject error | the variable regarding what the perfromer does changes before testing sessions |
| validity | whether or not a test is relevant and apllicalbe to a particular situation |
| three types of validity | content validity, criterion related validity, construct validity |
| componesnts of hte measurement | content validity=measurements that aarea adequate with what is being tested |
| criterion related vailidty | based on a comparisoin between your scored and a standard must have criterion to compare against |
| construct validity | using predictive variables and relationships by relating the test results to some behavior |
| reliability | three types stability, internal consistency, precison |
| stability | day to day consistency of scores weighing your self on a scale everyday |
| internal consistency | measurements taken by the same person |
| precision | repeatability: consistant measurements by te instrument or tester for repeat measurements |
| objectivity | the degree in which differnet testers can achieve the same scores on the same subjects |
| relevance | apllication or pertinence of a measurement to a study( what is being studied) |
| accuracy | how close is the measurement to the true value |
| body composition | defined as the realative contribution of fat mass and fat free mass to total body mass |
| fat mass | included the weight of subcutanegous fat , visceral fat, and fat from the myelin shelth of the nerves |
| lean mass | the weight of all the fat free mass including bones, muscle, organs, connective tissure, water |
| Body fat % | is the percent of total body weight that comes from fat mass |
| hydrostatic weighing | the gold standard |
| archimedes principle | based on the fact that lean mass is more dense then fat mass |
| hydrostatic weighting pro | the most accurate indirect measure |
| hydrostatic weighing cons | expensive, not readily avaliable |
| skinfold measurements | estimates fat by taking represetative samples of subcutaneous fat 3-5 error rate |
| skinfold measurement pro | easyily accessilby, protable |
| skinfold measurements cons | requires much practice |
| Bioelectrical Impedance anaysis | estimated body fat percentage by sending a very low intensity electrial current through body from one electrode to another |
| conductors of electricity | water is a good conductor, fat is bad conductor |
| BIA pros | quick and easy, protable |
| BIA cons | measurement varies greatly with hydration status (most reliable taken at the same time under the same conditions) |
| circumferance measurement | not a very vaild measure because it does not distinguish between fat mass or muscle mass (men-abdomen) (women-hips and thighs) |
| Dual energy X-Ray (DEXA) | single x-ray used to determin whole body and regiional distribution to lean tissues, bone, mineral and fat with hgih degree of accuracy |
| biomechanics | the study of biological phenomena(process, function, and stuctre) using the methods of mechanics ie study of motion |
| velocity | the rate of change of displacement |
| momentum | the product of mass times velocity |
| Kinetic energy | the energy that an object prossess as an result of its motion |
| acceleration | the change in velocity |
| work | when froce acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object |
| strenght | maximun amount of weight a person can lift for one repeition |
| power | how long it takes a person to move a load through a certain distance |
| absolute power | how it take a person to move a load throug a certain disance |
| relative power | personal power |
| endurance | the ability of the muscle to maintain a contraction over a period of time |
| fatigue | rate of fatigue onset |
| maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) | 100% isometric static contraction (squeezing your fist) |
| static contraction | muscular contraction with out range of motion noe movement occurs (pushing a wall) |
| rhythmic contraction | dynamic musclar contraction with movement (lifting weights for reps aerboics) |
| primary risks for CVD | herdity, male, increasing age, cigarette smoking, hypertenstion >140 systoilic >90 diastolic, high cholesterol >200, physical inactivity |
| secondary risks for CVD | must be cominded with primary risk factor, diabetes, obesity, stress |
| physical activity | athletic recreional or occupational activities that result in substaningal increas over reating metabolic rate |
| RMR | resting metabloic rate: amount of energy required to sustain the bodys normal function at rest |
| Calories | basic unit of energy avaliable from food Carbs= 4 proteins=4 fats=9 alcohol=7 |
| cardiac output | the product of heart rate and stroke volume measure in liters per min |
| heart rate | number of times the heart beats in one minute (measure in beats per min) |
| stroke volume | the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat |
| Total peripheral resistance TPR | resistance provided by the sysemic blood vessels, they can be dialated or constriced depending on teh conditions that the person is under |
| Blood pressure | product of cardio output and the total perpherial resistance in the blood vessels, the high the blood pressure the more the heart has to work |
| Systolic | heart contraction |
| distolic | heart relaxation between contractions |
| blood pressure levels | norma 120/80 perhypertension 120-139/ 80-90 hypertension 140/90 |
| exercise muscle require an increase in blood flow above normal resting rate | blood pressure during exercise |
| electrocardiogram | common tool for monitoring heart disease and estimating work load |
| P wave | atrical depolarization |
| QRS | ventricular depolarization right and left, blood to lunch and whole body |
| t wave | ventriculr reloprization right and left relax |
| anerobic | living without oxygen, determined by ATP supplied by the creatine phosphate systme |
| max anerobic power | reached in the frist 4 seconds |
| A- muscle fiber | slow twitch oxidactive fibers (low power output, very fitigue resistant) |
| 2A-muscle fiber | fast twitch (moderat power output and moderalty fatigue resistant) |
| 2B-muscle fiber | fast twich (high power output and low fatigue resistnat) |
| maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) | the maximun amount of oxygen consumed per mintue during large muscle mass exercise (genetics 70% and training 30%) |
| Direct measurement | max test- gas analysis measure precise amount of oxygen utilized |
| indirect measurement | sub max test- utilizer regression equations which estimate vo2 max through calcuations incorporting heart rate, cardiac output, and work rate |
| maximal oxygen uptake | maximum amount of oxygen consumer per mintue during large mucsle mass exercise |
| Smart goals | S-specific M-measureable A-attianable R-realistic T-time oriented |
| specific goal | has much more of a change of being accompished then a general goal |
| measurable | quantifiable value that determinds when the goal is reached ( i wan to lost __pounds) |
| attainable | having a specific goal to bring you closer to your goal can increase your motivation as you achieve each step along the way |
| relatic | having a goal that is relaist wont disappoint you if you should fall short of it |
| time | set a time frame for your gaosl |
| aerobic exercis | continuous, long duratoin, low and moderat, intesntiy |
| anaerobic exercise | stays consistant, nomovement force is generated by muscles, isokinetic training, muscle contracts max again a variable load at constnat speed |
| repetitions | number of times an invidial can move max amount of weight 6 reps strength=80-100% 6-12 reps size=70-80% 3-5reps power= 60-80% 15-20reps endurance=50-70% |
| central nervous system | conposed of brain and spinal cord, recieve signals from sensory nerves , interpret information and impulese movement |
| peripheral nervous systme | neural tissure outside of the brain and sping cord divides into 2 parts |
| somatic | voularty responsibly for sensory and motor nerves (parasympatheic, sympathetic) |
| parasympathic | slows down heart rate, decreas metabolism |
| sympathetic | fight or flight, speeds up metabolic response, increase heart rate |
| neurons | building block of the nervous system, nerve impulses are transmitted via neruons |
| cell body | process information and decides action |
| axon | takes information away from cell body |
| dendrites | brings infromation towards the cell body |
| afferemt | sensory hot, cold (carry nerve impulses from sensory receptor to the brain or spinal cord) - Do not produce movement |
| efferent (motor) | sends impulses from the brain, down spinal cord to the muscles (procduces muscle movement) |
| interneuron | relays information from the afferent neurons to the efferent neruons |
| motor control | the study of the organization fo the CNS for corrodination of movement (concerned with the pysiologcial and stucture fucntion aspects of movement prodcution and coordination |
| motor learning | area of study focusino on understanding the execution of motor processes and the variables that mediate thier execution |
| Feedback | the most improtant variable for motor performace outside of physical practice |
| intrensic | inherent and occurs as a result of movement |
| entrisisn | information form performance provided by artifical fashion |
| qualitiative | knowledge of results indicates if perfromace was: short/ long , fast/slow, correct/ incorrect |
| quantitiative | knowledge or results indicated with direction or magntiure or error |
| motor behavior | the study of variable and processess that contribute to the perfromacen or behavior of the actor |
| premotor component | central processing time- how long it takes from teh time stimulus is seen to when the signal is sent to the muscle |
| motor time | time it takes a person to activate muscle to produce a response to the time the movement is produced |
| physical activity | any body movement produced by skeletal muscle that result in substainal increase over resting energy expenditure |
| self efficacy | an individual belief in his or her capabilites to organize and exercute the course of action required to carry out actions required to produce a given outcome |
| task-self | the belief that one can successfully perfrom a task |
| barrier self | the belief the one can overcome barrier that keep them from exercising |
| scheduling self | the belief that one can fit exercise into thier life |
| health behavior | examines efficacy in propluations that engaged in secondary prevention disease |
| physical activity assessment | development of instiuments tomeasure PA is on ongoing anc challenging task |
Combine with other sets
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