ArtHist102 - SP2012 - Italy in the 15th century

Terms	Definitions
TEST INFO:	Only info past the first quiz!!! YAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! =)))))))))) =) =^) =) and the essay handout. =P
Artist: Bernardo Rossellino Title: Tomb of Leonardo Bruni Date: 1444 Notes: (not sure if this is on test 2..)
International Style (not sure if this is on test 2..)	* Common in the courts of Europe (Italy and France) A style of 14th- and 15th-century painting begun by Simone Martini. This style appealed to the aristocracy because of its brilliant color, lavish costume, intricate ornament, and themes involving splendid processions of knights and ladies.
Perspective	Portraying a 3-d scene on a 2-d plane
Perspective:	* Empirical/Intuitive - Observation of the world around us * Linear/Mathematical - vanishing points, horizon line, converging lines * Atmospheric - Objects in background get fuzzier as they recede into the distance like the haze seen on a landscape.
Artist: Donatello Title: St. Mark (from San Michele, Florence) Date: c. 1411-1413 Notes: * Linen Guild - Classical influences in drapery and Contrapposto - Perspective shown in body proportions
Artist: Nanni di Banco Title: Four Crowned Saints (from San Michele, Florence) Date: c. 1414-1416 Notes: * Stone & Wood guild - Interacting group -- Protruding into OUR space by stepping out of the plain
Contrapposto	A style of Greek sculpture where people are depicted standing and leaning so that the person's weight is being put on one side. People are depicted with their bodies curved like an "S" * adds drama to the scene
Foreshortening	to shorten an object to make it look as if it extends backward into space * Object at an angle to the picture plain.
Leon Battista Alberti "On Painting" 1435	- Book about linear perspective that became a manual for artists. - Knowledge became more widely learned, instead of something passed down by word of mouth from master to student.
Artist: Masaccio Title: Holy Trinity Date: 1428 Notes: * Linear Perspective * Patrons painted into the artwork (two lower individuals furthest to the edges) * Mixing of column orders to give tribute to old styles.
Corinthian & Ionic Order (Capitals) * rounded tops = Ionic * leafed/flower tops = Corinthian
Artist: Masaccio Title: Brancacci Chapel - Expulsion Date: 1425 Notes: * Nudes usually used for HEROIC presentation -- Ancient Past shown by how bodies are covered
Artist: Masaccio Title: Brancacci Chapel - Tribute Money Date: 1425 Notes: * 3 scenes in one space * Characters repeated multiple times w/in the image Linear Perspective (seen in architecture) Atmospheric Perspective (seen in mountains) ** Foreshortening (seen in arms especially)
Catasto	New system of taxation - listed assets in writing, formed basis of taxation. Previously only taxed by income.
Chiaroscuro, Modeling	* Strong contrast between light and dark areas in modeling (Light-to-Dark) - as seen in the tax collectors legs in Masaccio's Tribute Money
Atmospheric Perspective	the illusion of depth and distance created by using the weather in a landscape and dull, pale colors with hazy details in the background of a painting.
Artist: Filippo Brunalleschi Title: Hospital of Innocents Date: 1419 Notes: - not expected to know
Artist: Filippo Brunalleschi Title: Dome of Florence Cathedral Date: 1420-1436 Notes: * Ribs used to distribute weight (double ribbing - interior and exterior) * Double Shell'd dome * Herringbone pattern brick-work on interior ceiling. ** Public Architecture
Artist: Michelozzo di Bartolommeo Title: Palazzo Medici-Ricciardi (outside) Date: c. 1444 Notes: * Institutional feel - very plain & imposing - strength and solidity. * Rustication used to give feel of SOLID ** Private architecture
Artist: Michelozzo di Bartolommeo Title: Palazzo Medici-Ricciardi (inside) Date: c. 1444 Notes: * Very inviting (compared to outside) * Arches and columns give renascence feel (quiet, peaceful, private) * Corinthian order on columns Repetition of design Private architecture
Rustication	Heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply channelled joints, used principally on Renaissance buildings - principally used on ground-floor of buildings.
Artist: Donatello Title: David Date: c. 1440-1460 Notes: * Bronze * First life-sized nude free-standing bronze sculpture (controposto pose) * Believed to be commissioned by the Medici family ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Donatello Title: Gattamelata Date: c. 1445-1450 Notes: * Bronze ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Sandro Botticelli Title: Portrait of Youth Date: c. 1480's Notes: * Portrait of a known individual (the sitter) -- Commemorate a person (marriage, death, etc.) * Humanism connection - showing importance of the individual. * 3/4 view, compared to older Profile view -- more prevalent for men than women -- more personal instead of 'statuesque' ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Domenico Ghirlandaio Title: Giovanna Tornabuoni (?) Date: c. 1488 Notes: * Oil and Tempera panel * Portrait of a known individual (the sitter) -- Commemorate a person (marriage, death, etc.) * Humanism connection - showing importance of the individual. * Profile view predominant for women -- women expected to be virtuous and chase --- no eye-contact viewed as passive for women ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Sandro Botticelli Title: Birth of Venus Date: c. 1482 Notes: * Tempera on Canvas - made this way for possible mobility/display in multiple areas. - Not a permanent piece - Medici commissioned painting -- intellectual & sensual (entertainment) values. * Idealized style ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Title: Virgin of the Rocks Date: c. 1483 Notes: * Oil on panel (Paris, Louvre) ~~High Renaissance~~
High Renaissance (1480-1520)	A time period that was the final stage of Renaissance art between 1480 & 1520 marked by the increased importance of Rome as a cultural center. Three artists, da Vinci, Raphael, & Michelangelo, dominated with their work. The period was also characterized with idealization of nature
Sfumato ~~High Renaissance~~	Italian for "Smokey" - UNIQUE TO OIL PAINT Type of Glaze that gives a smoke-like haziness that subtly softens outlines in paintings - particularly applied to paintings of Leonardo da Vinci and Correggio
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Title: Last Supper, Milan Date: c. 1495-98 Notes: Oil Paint over Dry Plaster Groupings of 3 (people, windows) * Very geometric in design - Flow and calm ~~High Renaissance in Rome~~
Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Title: Mona Lisa Date: c. 1503-05 Notes: * Oil on Wood * Portrait of a known person - Elements of Humanism -- Human figure, landscape * 3/4 profile of a woman - compared to strict profiles of women in the past. -- looking directly at us ~~High Renaissance in Rome~~
Artist: Donato Bramante Title: Tempietto Date: c. 1502-03 Notes: * very small building commissioned * Commemorating death of St. Peter ** Mixing of classical and modern technology -- round bldgs were heroic/political/holy type of persons. -- Doric columns -- Topped by a dome ~~High Renaissance~~
Doric Order
Julius II	Pope of Rome in 16th century - wanted to restore Rome's ancient Glory -- Patronized art to help restore the glory. - Build up power of the Pope - Build up personal grandeur & power
Artist: Donato Bramante Title: Plan for New Saint Peter's Date: c. 1505 Notes: * Julius II tore down the original, and re-built * This is the basic outline/plan * Center of the Christian church * In the shape of a Greek Cross * Use of DOME architecture ~~High Renaissance~~
Greek Cross	All the arms are equal in length * Latin = one arm longer than others (crucifix)
Artist: Michelangelo Title: David Date: c. 1501-04 Notes: * Classical art & Humanism - Very idealized (perfect/muscled) human male figure -- not necessarily STRONG, but more perfectly depicted - Contrapposto * Originally displayed in front of the city hall ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Michelangelo Title: Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes Date: c. 1508-12 Notes: * Designed/developed his own scaffolding to paint such a large area * All Fresco (paint on wet plaster) ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Michelangelo Title: Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes Date: c. 1508-12 Notes: * Designed/developed his own scaffolding to paint such a large area * All Fresco (paint on wet plaster) * Entire ceiling leading towards the coming of Christ ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Michelangelo Title: Creation of Adam (Sistine Chapel) Date: c. 1508-12 Notes: * Subjects larger, so people on the ground can get a better view of the scene. - background elements reduced - main figures taking up most of space ~~High Renaissance~~
Artist: Raphael Title: Madonna of the Meadow Date: c. 1505 Notes: * Oil on panel * Smaller devotional paintings * Humanism - closer feel to the subjects, they're real.. not necessarily heavenly/totally holy * Early in Raphael's Career ~~High Renaissance cont.~~
Artist: Raphael Title: School of Athens, Stanza della Signatura Date: c. 1509-11 Notes: * Fresco * Perfect linear perspective * Grand Scale * Use of known figures w/in the scene - Humanism again by acknowledging the importance of the historic figures - Later Part of Raphael's Career ~~High Renaissance cont.~~
Artist: Giorgione Title: Tempest Date: c. 1505-10 Notes: * Oil on Canvas * Grand scale art * Mystery with image, not sure what is going on, or when this was. - subject matter describable - historical context unknown * Making up subject matter. ~~High Renaissance cont.~~
Mannerism	Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. * Artificial Looking * Highly Elegant * Odd gestures/positions ** Multiple interpretations of the images * Church not the only patron any more
Artist: Parmigianino Title: Madonna with the Long Neck Date: 1535 Notes: * Mannerism style - space compressed, elongated people, odd gestures, artificial objects (vase) - man in background: too small for where it sits in the image. - column in the background has no purpose ~~Mannerism~~
Artist: Bronzino Title: Venus, Cupid, Folly, Time Date: 1546 Notes: * Very vague/ambiguous image - image possibly for party/entertainment ~forbidden love (pleasurable/unsavory) * pale skin = privileged/elite - also marble-like, touching back to classical past ~~Mannerism~~
Artist: Michelangelo Title: Last Judgement, Sistine Chapel Date: 1534-1541 Notes: * Traditional subject matter done in mannerism style. - Compressed Space - Contorted positions of people ~~Mannerism~~
Artist: Jan Van Eyck Title: Ghent Altarpiece Date: 1432 Notes: * Oil on Panel * Located in Ghent * Highly complex - multiple panels - Dual Registers (horizontal scenes) -- Incredible detail in each and every scene * Designed to be displayed both open and closed - closed view just as intricate - Closed view painted with the Grisaille technique -- depicts sculpture by painting with mono-chromatic gray's ~~Northern Europe in the 15th Century~~
Polyptych, Triptych	Poly: Multi-Paneled work of art Trip: Three-Paneled work of art
Grisaille	a painting done in neutral shades of gray to simulate the look of sculpture
Artist: Jan Van Eyck Title: Arnolfini Portrait Date: 1434 Notes: * Oil on Panel * Signed image - above mirror, center of the scene ~~Northern Europe in the 15th Century~~
Artist: The Limbourg Brothers Title: Very Rich Hours - January Date: 1413-1436 Notes: * Watercolor Wash * Illuminated Manuscript * Glorifying his wealth and parties and friends ~~Northern Europe in the 15th Century~~
Artist: The Limbourg Brothers Title: Very Rich Hours - October Date: 1413-1436 Notes: * Watercolor Wash * Illuminated Manuscript * glorifying holdings ~~Northern Europe in the 15th Century~~
Illuminated Manuscript	A luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations. Images appear to have a glowing feel to them.
Artist: Rogier van der Weyden Title: Desposition Date: 1435 Notes: * Oil on panel * Very-up-to-date costumes (of the time) - designed to make people relate this event to every-day life. * Skull and bones in relation to death ~~Northern Europe in the 15th Century~~