| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Usman dan Fodio | Fulani muslim clerk who created a vast Islamic empire. Islamic reform movemnt in Nigeria and demanded return to early Islamic practices. Was part of Sufi brotherhood and challenged ruling classes of West Africa |
| Wahhabism | demanded a return to pure Islam of Muhammad and early caliphs. Spread on ARabian Pennisula and overan Mecca and Medina until Ottoman Sultan sent troops to surpress |
| Fulani | West Africa wanted to create a purer Islam because came to believe peopler were violating Islamic beliefs and led by Usman dan Fodio. Most nomadic yet some sedentary |
| Jihad | followers of Islam mo wage holy war (jihad) on unbelievers |
| Hijra | the practice of withdrawal in Muhammad's time by Islamic people to create "purer" society |
| Abi al-Qasim | Algerian who gained many followers to his Sufi Brotherhood because offered safe haven for those who didnt want to be under French rule |
| Shaka Zulu | created ruthless warrior state that drove others out of region for Bantu people. Ruled by fear and incorporated defeated men to create very strong army that conquered much of Africa. |
| Bantu people | Southern Africa whose political systems couldn't handle competition and overpopulation. Branch of Bantu people created the Zulus |
| Big Men | an old African leader Shaka emerged as last "big man" because charismatic and ability to resolve issues. Also drew on tradition of hand to hand combat. |
| Hong Xiuquan | established "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" in China to restore egalitarian order. Had visions that led him to create God Worshippers and preceded visions openly. Led to Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty and eventually Qing won after Hong decided himself Heavenly King. |
| Treaty of Nanjing | imposed by Britain after Opium War which humiliated Qing officials |
| Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | dreamed by HOng Xiuquan who proclaimed himself heavenly king. Chinese visions to restore egalitarian rule and led to Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty |
| Restoration Period | caused by French Revolution and Napolenoic Wars because left many stale forms and ideologies to choose from with Utopian Ideas |
| Liberalism | Liberals in Europe wanted to persevere free market while stop stale trade restrictions and church involement with education which insisted right to speak, act, and role without harm to others |
| Radicals | wanted total reconfiguration of the stale and fully carrying out a revolution |
| Nationalists | least terrifying of radicals yet perilous force because minority groups carelessly campaigned for own states |
| Young Italy | founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to bring national unification and renewal but had little popular or foreign support and easily suppressed. (nationalists movement) |
| Peterloo Massacre | Britain workers peacefully protested for political reforms and freed on by panicked guards men |
| Chartism | mass movement where 1/2 adult population of Britain signed the People's Charter which called for universal suffrage, secret ballot, and annual parliament elections but rejected by Parliament each time |
| Utopian Socialism | most visionary led by Charles Fourier. His vision saw people organized into communites called phalanxes. Used planning instead of violence and his plan exculed the middle man in buisness. |
| Karl Marx | read Fourier and German who described life in a communist society with many ideas of Utopian society. Saw working class was being exploited |
| Communist Manifesto | created by Marx and Frederick Engles after hearing revolution broke out in France. Called for working class (proletariats) to unite and over throw capitalism. Were exiled for their work. |
| Proletarians | industrial wage workers that Marx predicted would revolt after overproduction and would eventually rule the state, causing it to wither away |
| Caste War of Yucatan | Mayan revolt because local developments had enriched on spirtual, material and physical world. Mayans not yet dragged into sugar economy drove back whites with weapons and wanted to definition of Indians as a "Caste" Whites eventually forced Mayans to retreat to isolated areas and began "Mayan Identity" and ivent mural communities revolving around Chan Santa Cruz but in end, forced to work for whites. |
| Chan Santa Cruz | "Little Holy Cross" Barrera led group here and found cross carved in tree and created communities revolving around Chan Santa Cruz. Communities vanished though. |
| Rebellion of 1857 | Sepoy armies revolted after rumors spread British East India was trying to change their religion. Only 1/2 of India in favor of revolt. Eventually British crom took over India. |
| Eat Indian Company | ruled over India for 100 years til eventually sepoys mutinied because of new Enfield riffle with pig and cow felt. Eventually British crom took over Indian rule |
| "Greased Cartridge Controversy" | new Enfield riffle had pig/ cow fat on cartridge and Indian army made of Hinuist and Muslims so ended with mutiny because company disrespected them |
| Sepoys | Hindu and Muslim recruits commanded by British officers. Eventually rebelled by mutiny because of greased cartridge controversy |
| Order and Progress | slogan on flag of republic sate that was newly formed in Brazil during state building |
| Manaus Opera HOuse | rubber-boom brought immense wealth to Brazil so built Manaus Opera House until demand too high so crashed and Opera House fell into disrepair |
| Louis Napoleon(nephew of Napoleon) | staged coup against French Republic and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III and ruled until 1970. Nationalism in Europe then rejected diverstiy and opposition was seen as betrayal |
| Count Otto Von Bismarck | Prussian who worked with Carvour to exploit radical and liberal nationalist sentiment to rearrange map. Used Nationalist feeling and small wars to enlarge their states and preserve monarchial and conservative rule. Also used force to obtain in rule. Helped create "unified" states that could compete with Britain, France, and the US |
| Count Camillo diCavour | Piedmont who along with Otto Von Bismarch enlarged ow states by using nationalist feeling and to preserve monarchical and conservative rule, also used force |
| The Kiaser Wilheim II | liberal ruler of new German Empire(Reich) who replaced otto Von Bismarch after his 28 year reign. Replaced the "Iron Chancellor" |
| Berlin | became capital of German Nation-State Reich and The Kaiser Wiheim II said "glory of Paris rubs Berliners of their sleep" |
| 1867 Compromise | Habsburgs agreed their state would be called the Austro-Hungarian empire but only 1/2 were Hungarian. Compromise made impossible to more to regional autonomy |
| Habsburg Empire | Hungarian nobles forced weakened dynasties to grant them home rule with 1867 compromise but only 1/2 were Hungarian so forcibly tired to assimilate others yet multinationalism flourished |
| Franco-Prussian War | Napoleon III of France wanted to expand but so did Prussians. Germany army caputred emperor and besieged Paris until signed humilating treaty which left provisional French government under liberal Adolhe Theirs |
| The "Commune" | Socialist group of Parisians angry at provisional government left in place after Franco-Prussian War. Adolphe Theirs and his army broke up "the commune" killing at least 25,000 |
| Eiffel Tower | Miracle of steel celebrated by building of Eiffel Tower which was twice as tall as any other building in the world |
| Giant Integrated Firm | Second industrial revolution brought granted integrated firms where large industrial banks were plounders of funds and limited liabilit joint stock raised capital. Some examples were standard oil and U.S steel |
| Suez Canal | shorted trip distances between Europe and Asia so made cheaper. British shipped most through yet Egyptians and French paid most of the construction |
| Charles Darwin | collected specimens then concluded that species evolved over time and weren't fixed like Bible said. Wrote Origin of Species which described "struggle for existance" and some said justified right of ruling class to dominate-->social darwnism |
| Survival of the Fittest | Social Darwinism that stated only "fittest survived which explained ruling classes right to dominate Europe claimed evolved more than Africa and Asia so right to rule them |
| Steam | powered gunboats-Europeans opened new territories for trade and conquest |
| Raj | British re-forced to administration of India as Raj after securing rebellion and crow took over. Raj means "rule" Turned India from private exploitation to nationally productive for British |
| Indian Railways | British wanted to modernize so Lord Dalhousie helped introduce railways, uniform postage and electric telegraph. By 1910 had over 30,000 miles of track so Indian Railway was 4th largest |
| Ethical Policy | Dutch introduced "ethical policy" for governing Asian colonies with less government exploitation and more private enterprise little change in must of Indonesia yet some resisted |
| "Great Trek" | conflicts between British and Afrikanese(Boers) made Boers make "Great Trek" to interior of South Afric displacing Bantu people, yet discovery of gold and diamonds only led british to drive in further |
| "Scramble for Africa" | all European powers rushed to colonize Africa so Portugal called international conference to divide up Africa with out any regard to African Culture, ethnicity, commerce, or language |
| Berlin Conference | delegates from European powers met and carved up Africa with out regard to African language, ethnicity, culture, or commerce |
| Cecil Rhodes | British imperial apostle aspired to bring as much of AFrica under British rule as possible. Dream was to rule from Cape of Good Hope up to Cairo, Egypt |
| Congo Independent State | leopoid II of Belgium claimed Congo independent state and was owned by a single person until Belgian parliament took away because of slave treatment and gave to Belgium to rule as a whole |
| Force Public | army in Congo which bullied local communities into doing the biding of colonial authorities |
| Mission Civils atrice | French "civilizing mission" was reformed as system of scientific colonization because Africans had begun to doubt Europe was bring civilization to "uncivilized" |
| Meiji Emperor | Emperor Mutsuhito "Enlightened Rule" became ruler of Japan after Tokugawa Shogunate toppled. Becan Meiji reformation in which new arm, government, and schools were created |
| Matthew Perry | AFrican officer entered Edo Bay along with European powers and forced Japan to sign humiliating treaties and Japanese responded by adopting Westernization instead other rejected so overthrew Tokugawa Shogunate and put Meiji Emperor into power |
| "Rich Country, Strong Army" | Meiji reformation slogan that unifed currency to Yen, introduced tax reforms, civil service exams, railroads, foreign consultants and telegraph lines |
| Zaibatsu | the encouragement of the creation of giant firms during the Meiji Reformation. Zaibatsu were family organizations consisting of fcarotires, import/ export buisnesses and banks |
| Sino Japanese War | accelerated Japan's rapid transformation to a nation-state and colonial power. China lost and forced to give Taiwan to the Japanese |
| Crimean War | Russia invaded Ottoman territories but Britain and France joined to help defeat Russia. This spurred Russian authorities on aggressive modernization and expansion including Tsar Alexander II's "Great Reforms" |
| Trans-Siberian Railway | desire to expand power in East Asia and Stop British advances there from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Transported troops later |
| Russification | Russia's response to nation-state building like in Ukrane tsar prohibited bible to be printed in language and many opposed Russification idea. |
| Self-Strengthening Movement | Chinese bureaucrats wanted to adopt elements of western learning yet still keep cure of Chinese culture. Yung Ming set back though when called Chinese boys studying in Europe home |
| Hundred Days Reform | Qing attempted at comprehensive reform that said must move beyond self-strengthening movement and reform like Meiji did in Japan and create railways, banks and postal service |
| Maji-Maji Revolt | revolt in East Africa that Germans brutally suppressed and revealed intense opposition to the world of nations and empires |
| Mandi | Islamic term used to refer to the "chosen one" that railed Nigerians against British and their African collaborators rebellion |
| Boer War(South African War) | African forces won early battles in fighting against discrimination they received but British eventually won, inheriting gold into their empire. |
| Concentration Camp | frustrated response to Afrikaner hit and run tactics. 155,00 men, women and children in camps and also people who thought would side with Afrikaans |
| Open Door Policy | After China was defeated in Sino-Japanese war, U.S wanted "open door policy" in which access would remain available to all traders but U.S also wanted Qing to realize truth and superiority of Christian civilization |
| Boxer Uprising | sided with Qing and popular where natural disasters had occurred saying gods angry due to foreigners present. Eventually suppressed by Japanese, Europeans, and American Troops |
| Boxer Protocol | Chinese forced to sign after suppressed in Boxer Rebellion. Required regime to pay gold for damages to foreign life and property and allowed Western powers to station troops in Beijing |
| Muckrackers | generation of journalists in U.S. that cut their teeth to portray captains of fiance like J.P Morgan who benefit at expense of working families and local authorities |
| Monopolies | created by big industrialists to improve efficiency, correct failures in the market, and heighten profits |
| Federal Reserve Act | created by U.S Congress and it created a series of boards to monitor the supply and demand of the Nations money |
| havssmannization | Leopold II of Belgium imitated the havssmannization of Paris in his own capital Brussels by opening parks, museums, and grand entrance to the city |
| Contraceptives | women began use of birth control as they had increasingly important role in society yet some countries made it illegal |
| Qiu Jin | Chinese woman who left her husband and went to Japan to study. Eventually founded Chinese women's journal urging women to fight for their rights. Executed after participating in failed attempt to overthrow Qing Dynasty |
| Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism | middle class shut out in Argentina so these 2 were appealing alternatives |
| Mexican Revolution | fueled by unequal distribution of land. When Diaz needed to be succeed and political elites spilt, peasant army defeated Diaz's troops and eventually set up democracy after 10 years |
| Sun Yat Sen | wanted to reconstitute Chinese political community along "national" lines, arguing no ruler could rule legitimately without people's consent. Moved state toward democratic rule and was popular among Chinese living abroad because Qing regime suppressed locals. Qing dynasty eventually fell |
| Race | race began to be viewed as individual identification and science used to explain racial inequalities which warned against racial mixing. People believed race described one's characteristics and identity |
| Hindu Revailism | made old-fashioned Hindu beliefs "revived" because combined with diverse range of culture and beliefs to create accommodations for modern cultures |
| Indian National Muslim League | dedicated to the advancements of political interests of Muslims but was pushed aside by Swadeshi Movement |
| Zionism | part of pan movements that sought to link people across state boundaries by rearrangement of borders |
| Pan-Islamism | added to Muslim confusion with west and main spokesman was Afghani who had powerful appeal |
| Pan-Arabism | Arab Muslims living in Ottoman empire unsure of who to remain loyal to |
| Pan-Germanism | both movement and ideology because Schonerer founded league of German Nationalists and made people believe they were German race so fixed by blood and not defined by state |
| Great War | World War I between Germany and Austria Hungary (Central Powers) vs Britain, France, and Russia (Triple Entente) after called allies |
| Central Powers | Germany and Austria-Hungary |
| Triple Entente | Britain, France, and Russia |
| Western Front | From English Channel through Belgium and France with trenches as war held at Stand-Still |
| Modernity | Regimes all agreed forceful authoritarian rule was more effective with promise and benefits of modernity |
| Mass Mobilization | when countries mobilized millions of men to fight in war, even allowing women to serve or replace men at their jobs while they were at war |
| Russian Revolution | Tsar Nicholas II forced to abdicate and millions of peasants seized land. Bolsheviks took power under Lenin and Trotsky and they withdrew from WWI |
| February Revolution | Tsar Nicholas II forced to abdicate while civilian elites and military attempted to restore order, actually encourage mass revolution |
| Vladimir Lenin | led Bolsheviks in full-scale revolution along with Leon Trotsky and proclaimed a socialist revolution of Russia. Insisted on peace treaty for WWI to save the revoluiton |
| October Revolution | Bolsheviks led by LEon Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops |
| Treaty of Versailles | peace conference held in Versailles to determine fate of conquered countries. Blamed Germany and forced to pay reparations and victorious countries get more land |
| Bolsheviks | led by Trotsky and Lenin. Took over Russia in name of Soviet during Russian Revolution and proclaimed socialist revolution with support from workers and miliatary |
| Radio | grew popular during and after WWI and available to all (even illiterate) so able to mobilize the masses for political purposes. Also used for propaganda |
| Mass Culture | the aspects of culture that are easily accessible to an after war, elite culture transitioned into mass culture |
| Elite Culture | opera, classical music, painting, literature, all things only available to wealth |
| Film and Advertisement | Also used for propaganda and furthered commercial capitalism because advertising became a major industry. Created unity across globe |
| Mass Production | machines improved efficiency during WWI making supplies and soon applicable to other production. Mass production made mass consumption possible |
| Mass Consumption | as mass production made possible high demand for goods made mass consumption possible cannot have one without the other. |
| Model T | Henry Ford mass produced Model T car by standardizing production, subdividing work, and using machines instead of manual labour because cheaper, new car every 10 seconds because so efficient |
| Bruce Barton | published "The Man Nobody Knows" in which he interprets teachings of Jesus into gospel for success in modern business |
| The Great Depression | overproduction caused American stock market to crash on Black Tuesday caused widespread panic and US had lended large amounts of money to European Nations to help them while struggling with debt. Great Depression caused state to regulate economy |
| Keynesian Revolution | John Maynard Keynes wrote book explaining market couldnt always fix itself and states must intervene. Keynesian Revolution took years to complete as govs realized capitalism required some regulating |
| The Labour Party | first national government in Britain that included liberal, conservative and labour as working class began involvement in the government |
| "Popular Front" | The popular front government created in France was made up of radical and moderate left including French communist party and gained right of 40-hr work weeks, paid vacation, and minimum wage |
| Russian Civil War | October 1917 Bolshevik Party seized power and created civil war between Bolsheviks and supporters of Tsar that Bolsheviks had executed but Bolsheviks won |
| New Economic Policy | dozens of decrees enacted by Bolsheviks that sanctioned private property and trade so destroyed capitalism |
| Joseph Stalin | emerged as leader of Communist Party and Soviet Union. Believed must follow path of Karl Marx so tried to create socialism with collective farming, five year plan, and mass terror as he created dictatorship |
| Collectivization | in Soviet Union, farms taken from private owners and combined into large units that are worked collectively. many farmers killed animal or burned crops in protest |
| Kulaks | supposedly better off peasants in soviet union |
| Mass Terror | Stalin in Soviet Union would "purge" any threat to power especially elite and sent to gulags so all in fear of being deported |
| Five Year Plan | Plan in Soviet Union to catch and overtake leading communist countries using primarily advanced technology |
| Black Shirts | Italian fascists under leadership of Mussolini won battles with shock troops that wore black shirts to intimidate opponets |
| Il Duce | cult of Italian fascist leader, Mussolini that provided cohesion and uplift by advertising his power through advertising and radio |
| Nazis | combination of Nationalism and anti-capitalism led by Adolf Hitler in Germany and imprisoned or sent all anti-Nazis to concentration camps along with Jews |
| Third Reich | name of Hitler's empire that he claimed would last 1,000 years and wanted to "purify" from Jews |
| Enabling Act | Freed Hitler from Parliament and traditional conservative elites who had agreed to make him chancellor |
| Manchukuo | puppet state for Japan |
| Getulro Vargas | politician in Brazil that sought to create a strong political following by enacting socially popular reforms. Called "father of the poor" and special efforts to appeal to Brazilian Blakcs |
| "sitting on a man" | form of African protest in which Ibo and Ibibio women responded to new tax by refusing to have contact with local cheifs |
| Harry Thuku | led small group of AFricans in struggle to make Britain correct their obligation to them and to make better school and return stolen lands but Thuku eventually arrested |
| Mahatma Gandhi | transformed Indian National Congress into mass party and laid foundations for an alternative, anti-colonial movement |
| Indian National Congress | Gandhi helped turn from elite organization into mass organization open to all including illiterate and poor. |
| Satyagraha | Gandhi's movement that practiced non-violence |
| Swaraj | Gandhi's message to people of India about self-rule. Swaraj literally means "self rule" |
| Salt | Gandhi led "March to the Sea" in boycott against British and their salt tax so indians marched to sea to make thier own salt |
| Guomindang | political party in China that Sun Yat-Sen organized his followers into |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | succeeded Sun-Yat-Sen as Chinese leader and launched the Northern Expedition to reunify the country under Guomindang. Saw need for change in China |
| White Wolf | mysterious group that raided trade routes and non followers in rural China. Sabotaged Guomindang leadership |
| Ataturks Reforms | created modern Turkish nation-state and replaced Muslim law with Swiss Civil code, used Western Calender, instructed to wear European hats, schools under control of state, and women given more rights. Also had a 5 year plan |
| Muslim Brotherhood | an Islamic group in Egypt that attacked liberal democracy as a facade so was anti-colonial and anti-british and wanted a "return to Islam" |
| Blocs | fter WWII, a communist, capitalist, and "third world" bloc were created. They were groups of people united under one cause. United States and Soviet Union became rivals after WWII, creating communist and capitalist blocs that became locked in the "cold war" and caught in between were the formerly colonized and semi-colonized people that were referred to as the "third world" |
| Atomic Bomb | in 1945 U.S. President Harry Truman commanded an American plane to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan and dropped a second on Nagasaki, causing Japan to surrender shortly after |
| Hiroshima/Nagasaki | 1945 the Japanese cities had atomic bombs dropped on them, killing over 100,000 people and causing Japan to surrender from WWII |
| Strategic Bombing Japan/ Germany | Throughout WWII when German Luftwaffe bombed London, inflicting heavy toll on Germans and Allied forced bombed war plants in Germany to slow war supply production |
| Holocaust | 1940's Hitler's plan to "free" Europe of all Jews so he put them into ghettos and labor camps and seized their property. Opened concentration camps such as Auschwitz in Poland where Jews were shipped like cattle than gassed or died of exhaustion |
| Blitzkrieg | a lightning war complete with tanks and motorized infantry like when Germany invaded the Soviet Union and went against their non-aggression pact |
| Stalingrad | battle between Nazis and Soviet in Russia from 1942-1943 when the tide turned against the Germans and they began to lose in WWII |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944 when Western Allied forces landed in Normany, bringing Germans face to face with American and British troops ready to fight |
| Rape of Nanjing | Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressorts slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China |
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | new Japanese empire in 1940's whose name was a way to mask aggression by saying it was anti-colonial and pan-Asianism yet really mad great demands of China and Korea to create racial purity |
| "Comfort Women" | young Korean women who worked as prostitutes for Japanese soldiers in the 1940's |
| Communism | after WWII when Europeans felt classless, stateless, societies with common ownership by the government was best and U.S. became worried of the communist bloc because it would threaten capitalism |
| Containment | President Truman's policy to keep Soviet Union from spreading communism so that it wouldn't threaten capitalism in 1940's |
| Berlin Airlift | 1948 when Allies helped keep Soviets from seizing Berlin by sending supplies and planes to Berlin |
| Truman Doctrine | an attempt in the 1940's to keep Western European nations from electing communist governments by promising American military and economic aid where needed |
| Marshall Plan | General George C. Marshall's plan to reconstruct Europe after WWII by giving them $13 billion so that communism would have less of an appeal from 1948-1952 |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an ally between Western Europe and America and united them against communism in 1949 |
| Warsaw Pact | a response to NATO formed by Soviet Union and nearby countries because they were threatened by NATO and this rivalry almost led to a third world war |
| Chinese Communists | 1940's China descended into a civil war and the Chinese communists ended up winning so American-supported Chinese fled to island of Taiwan |
| Korean War | 1950-1953 North Korea and Soviet troops invaded South Korea and U.S. troops and Truman ordered U.S. to drive back North Korean troops. U.N Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops to restore peace and as reached Chinese border, Stalin adopted Chinese communists as Allies and sent them to "rescue" communist regime in North Korea and had seesaw war until ended in 1953 with nearly same boundaries as when began |
| Long March | 1934 : Mao Zedong and communists under attack by nationalist Chiang Kai-shek so abandoned their base and went on Long March to northwest China as great escape and eventually glorified Communists but was costly because only 1 in 8 made it to their destination |
| Mao Zedong | emerged as leader of largest Soviet of China but were under attack by Chiang Kai-Shek's nationalist forces so he and communists went on the Long March in 1934 which eventually glorified the communists |
| India 1947 | India gained Independence in 1947 along with Pakistan but many were killed in days following as Hindus and Muslims each moved to become the majority |
| Hindu-Muslim Unity | 1940's Hindus and Muslim unity in India deteriorated as negotiations for independence were made which led to creation of National Congress Party and Muslim League, which eventually decided to split into India and Pakistan and many relocated so that they'd be the majority since there was a lot of violence towards the minorities |
| Africa for Africans | African states began to gain independence around 1960 due to nationalist movements that increased de-colonization |
| Negritude | 1961 Leopold Sedar Senghor's idea of "black civilization" when he met with other intellectuals studying in Europe and created the idea of a statement of black identitiy in an environment that rejected non-French ways. It says Africans are more human with stronger communal feelings than Europeans yet don't reject Western culture because assimilate good parts of France into Africa |
| Arab-Israeli War | 1948-1949 shattered legitimacy of Arab ruling elites as Arab states entered the war poorly and eventually the United Nations negotiated a truce between the states but Israel had greatly extended its borders |
| Free Officers Movement | secret organization of junior military officers that devised a program to transform the Egyptian society and they had ties with other groups such as communists |
| Front de Liberation Nationale (FNL) | 1950's Algerian leading nationalist party that used violence to provoke its opponents and to force local population to decide whether to support the nationalist cause or rally to the side of the colons and eventually war erupted between French and the FLN |
| Apartheid | extreme form of racial segregation in 1948 enacted by the National Party of South Africa. Stripped many Africans, Indians, and colored people of their few political rights because racial mixing of any kind was forbidden and required Africans to live in their own racial areas and couldn't leave without permission |
| African National Congress | led by Nelson Mandela, campaigned for an end to discriminatory legislation and was harassed by the government even thought it urged peaceful resistance yet decided to oppose apartheid regime with violence and the ANC was banned and members were arrested |
| Viet Minh | a liberation force in 1941 created by Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam after embracing the idea of agrarian revolution. It was communist led and became a powerful nationalist organization as it mobilized the peasantry. Used guerrilla tactics to undermine French officials and work towards anti-colonialism |
| Diem Bien Phu | Battle in 1954 that resulted in a decisive victory for the anti-colonial forces of Vietnam against the French and country was divided in 2 with north being controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the south by the French and American support |
| The First World | known as the "free world" it wanted to organize and administer the world on basis of capitalism and decmocracy and was made up of Japan, Western Europe, and the United States |
| Japanese "Miracle" | after surrendering at the end of WWII, emerged as a politically stable regime with thriving economy in 1970's because of American military protection, investment, and transfers of technology |
| The Second World | Soviets and East Europe made up this world because shadows of the war were much darker than the First World's and Soviets suffered more deaths and damage than any other industrialized nation and were generally communist with state socialism |
| 1956 Crackdown | East European nations heard of awful treatment of prisoners in Soviet Union and how awful life truly was and a speech was given about Stalin's crimes and how they aren't communistic but Soviet leaders crushed dissent by massacring strikers and while some revolts worked, Soviet Union still dominated the Second world |
| The Third World | Consists of poor countries searching for "third way" between communism and capitalism and all had been subject to European or North American exploitation. Experienced greatest number of failures but experienced decolonization in 1960's |
| International Monetary Fund | 1944 provided economic guidance to the Third World by supporting monetary during economic struggles |
| World Bank | 1944 provided economic guidance to the Third World by funding loans for projects to lift the poor out of poverty |
| Great Leap Forward | 1958 introduced by Mao Zedong as an attempt to unleash the people's energy by organizing China into 24,00 basic social and economic units called communes. Was attempt to make China exceed potential of developed countries but was great failure and actually took an economic leap backward |
| Great Proletarian Culture Revolution | 1966 as Mao Zedong worried China would erupt in civil war so launched in order to reassert his power and turned against the Communist Party and won support of the young as they formed "Red Guards" that demonstrated in Tiananmen Square screaming how they'd cleanse the corrupt party and remake Chinese society completely |
| Cuban Revolution | 1952 Batista led military coup that made him dictator but failed when U.S. suspended aid and supplies so he left the country and Fidel Castro came into power and became very radical and eventually U.S. sealed off all aid from them and excluded them from U.S. trade |
| Bay of Pigs | 1961 CIA mounted an invasion by Cuban exiles and landed here but it failed to overthrow Castro and made his ambitions for Cuba even more radical and aligned with the Soviet Union |
| CHe Guevara | Castro's closest lieutenant that wanted to unite the Third World as a socialist bloc and undermine the capitalist world led by the U.S. and even organized group to fight CIA yet failed |
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