AP Human Geography Unit 4 Study Guide
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KatieZimm29 on January 25, 2012
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Political Geography | Study of the political organization of the planet, constantly changing collage of countries |
| Humans have divided their living space into: | political unites or territories |
| How many nation-states is the world divided into? | nearly 200 |
| Landlocked | completely surrounded by land, with no coasts or seas around |
| The modern state systems originated from ______ roots | European |
| Government | Leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country |
| Politics | ALL ABOUT POWER Who has the power? How'd they get the power? How do they keep the power? |
| Politics of Place | how land space is organized according to who assets power over what area |
| Territoriality | efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political and social ends, trying to to control a certain place |
| Political Culture | The collection of political beliefs, values, practices and institutions that the government is based on |
| boundaries | invisible lines that mark the extent of state's territory and the control that its leaders have |
| Examples of boundaries | -physical -separate ethnic groups -negotiation of war |
| Frontier | a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
| Examples: of frontier control: France and ______ fought over _______ | France and England fought over frontier land in NA during the French and Indian War |
| Top two places left with neutral zone areas | Antarctica and the Arabian Peninsula |
| Physical Boundaries | -easy to see -mountains, deserts, water |
| Median-line principle | Lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other |
| Law of the Sea | (1983), standardized territorial limits at 14 land miles (12 nautical miles), gave rights to marine life within 200 miles |
| Cultural boundaries | borders based on culture traits, like language and religion |
| Cultural boundaries are also called | consequent boundaries |
| Example of Cultural Boundary | 1947, border between India and Pakistan, to separate Muslims from Hindus |
| Example of Cultural Language Boundary | Europe after World War 1 |
| Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| Shatter belts | A zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups |
| Geometric boundaries | -boundaries that follow regular, geometric patterns --boundaries of convenience drawn along lines of latitude or longitude without consideration for cultural or ethnic differences in an area |
| Example of Geometric boundary | -North and South Korea were divided during the cold war, the 38th parallel -Vietnam split at the 17th parallel to separate the north(hanoi) from the south(saigon) |
| Territorial morphology | A state's geographical shape, size, and relative location, which can determine opportunities available and challenges for the country and citizens |
| Shape of states control: | length of boundary with other states, communication and conflict with neighbors, cultural identity, social unity, and how easily the rulers and rule |
| 5 shapes of states | compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented, perforated |
| compact state | A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. Capitol in the middle= easy ability to rule, good communications with all regions EX: Hungary |
| prorupted states | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension, used to death a natural resource EX: Democratic Republic of Congo, Thailand |
| elongated states | states with a long and narrow shape, can create communication problems since cities can be so far away EX: Chile, Gambia |
| fragmented states | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory, EX: remote islands, Indonesia; Bangladesh separates the state of West Bengal from the rest of India |
| perforated states | a state that completely surrounds another EX: South Africa, apartheid separated Lesotho from the rest of the country |
| Exclaves | a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another state. EX: Cabinda separated from Africa by the Democratic Republic |
| Enclaves | landlocked within another country, completely surrounded EX: Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia demands its part of their territory when its really Azerbaijan |
| Largest state size | Russia, over 6.5 million square miles, or over 11% |
| Examples of microstates | Liechtenstein, Andorra, and San Morino -land space over just a few square miles |
| T or F Large states are more likely to have homogeneous populations | False, small states are more likely to hold homogeneous populations, which decreases potential conflicts within the country |
| T or F Size is critical to determining a country's power and stability | neither, its not critical, but it is definently a factor |
| Landlocked states are at a disadvantage for | trade, sea resources, transportation, and communication |
| how many landlocked states are there in the world | about 40 |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, sense of unity and loyalty, also known as patriotism |
| Internal boundaries | just like boundaries between countries, can be physical, cultural or geometric |
| Since _______ over half of the worlds states have been involved in _____ | Since World War II over half of the worlds states have been involved in border disputes |
| Four different types of boundary disputes | Positional(definition) disputes, territorial disputes, resource(allocational) disputes, functional(operational) disputes |
| Positional Disputes | -also known as Definitional Disputes -where they argue about where the border is EX: united states and mexico, argentina and hile |
| Territorial Disputes | ownership of a region, a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land by one state after it has conquered it from a former state no longer currently recognized by the occupying power. |
| irredentism | a form of nationalism whose goal is to regain territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts |
| Resource Disputes | -also known as allocational -disputes over natural resources, like mineral deposits, fertile farmland, rich fishing groups EX: united states and canada over fishing ground in the Atlantic ocean, iraq and kuwait with oil |
| Functional Disputes | -also known as operational -when people can agree on policies that apply in a border area EX: US and mexico with the transport of people and goods across their border |
| Nation-states first started | Europe in the early 19th century |
| Egyptians ruled by: | Pharaohs, who were believed to be descendants from the gods |
| Early organizations: | Ancient greece= city-states Empire: military ruler who conquered and ruled large amounts of territory=Persia, Alexander the great, Roman Empire, Han Dynasty of China Muhammad= caliphate: religious state Medieval Europe= kingdoms: relatively small areas dominated by kings Largest: Mongol Empire of the 13th Centure, ruled by a "Khan"(universal ruler) Central America=large Aztec group South America=Inca formed a short lived but powerful leader |
| Power is organized into | states, or countries, that control what happens within their border |
| German scholar ___ _____ defined a state as: | Max Weber, state defines who can and cannot use weapons and force |
| Institutions | organizations where governmental power is exercised |
| Examples of institutions | bureaucracies, legislatures, judicial systems, political parties |
| Institutions help promote General Welfare including | health, safe transportation and effective communication systems |
| nation | a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity |
| Binational State | -or multinational -contains more than one nation EX: Soviet Union |
| "breakaway movements" | effect of ethnic pressure that challenges the sovereignty of the government EX: Chechnya |
| Stateless nations | Nations lacking a state. This complication arises from lack of fit between nations and states. (Kurds) |
| Two important clues to understand how a state is organized | -core areas -the size/function of its capital city |
| Core areas | where the growing of a state begins. the growing stops after they bump up against another nation-state |
| periphery | outlying areas away from the core areas |
| multicore states | states with more than one core area, can be very problematic EX: Nigeria, with half being Muslim and half being Christian, so they moved the capitol into the middle |
| Primate city | a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy, second is no where near as big |
| forward capital | Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention EX: Japan moving Tokya, Brazil moving BrasÃlia |
| Electoral process | the process of holding an election, to select a leader EX: United States voting for their president |
| Geographic scale info | national, regional, and local |
| Electoral geography | The study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections. |
| US has _____ legislative districts, with each electing one representative to the lower house of the legislature- the ______________ | 435, House of Representatives |
| T or F Boundaries are redrawn every 5 years to make sure the representation is fair | False, every TEN years the boundaries are redrawn |
| Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. |
| _______ first started gerrymandering in _______ and had a _______ shaped district to win the election of a _________ in the __ century | Eldrige Gerry first started gerrymandering in Massachusetts and had a salamander shaped district to win the elation of a Republican in the 19th century |
| Minority/Majority districting | Rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected -caused peoplle to think they were discriminating against the majority white in North Carolina |
| 18th century European philosophers came up with the idea of a modern state, which says: | people awe allegiance to a state and the people it represents rather than its leader -went to the French Revolution in 1789, then Western Europe during the 19th century |
| colonies | dependent areas, first to be created that were given boundaries where non head been before -Mughal in India, Aztecs in Central America, Manchu in China |
| Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. -characterized the political landscape during the 19th and early 20th century |
| When colonies first gained their independence their biggest problem was... | their states' boundaries ignored cultural differences among populations, then the idea of nation-states came along during the middle of the 20th century |
| A well-integrated states consist of | -a stable, clearly bounded territory -an effective administrative framework -productive core area -influential capitol city |
| Unitary System | where all the decisions are made by one central geographic place EX: Europe |
| Confederal System | spreads the power among many sub-unites(like states), and has a weak central government EX: Switzerland, US under the Confederate States of America and the Articles of Confederation |
| Federal System | divides the power between the central government and the sub-units(like states) EX: United States, Canada, Australia |
| Devolution | -transfer of power from the central government to the sub-governments -transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
| Supranational organizations | cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level |
| Centripetal force | binds people of a nation together and gives it strength, unites them -flags, rituals, holidays, schools, armed forces, religion |
| Centrifugal force | the forces that divide people and countries -bad government, USSR, different languages or customs, devolution, ethnonationalism |
| Separatist movements | A movement advocating separation from government or another large organization. |
| Ethnic group | shares a well-developed sense of belonging, based on unique mixture of language, religion, and customs |
| Ethnonationalism | When ethnic groups see themselves as an individual nation and believe that they deserve their own state. -Quebec |
| Devolution occurs from | Ethnic forces, Economic forces, and spatial forces |
| Economic forces | when there are economic differences in a country pulling it apart -Italy, north and south so different |
| Spatial Forces | -mostly occurs on the margins of states EX: US claims Puerto Rico , yet its separated by the water in between |
| Geopolitics | the study of the relationship between geography and politics |
| Friedrich Ratzel | German who originated geopolitical theory. Pioneered environmental determinism. Stated that there are 7 laws of state growth |
| heartland theory | 'pivot area' holds the resources to dominate the globe (Eurasia) |
| Rimland Theory | challenged heartland theory, Spykman said Eurasian rim held the key to global power, not its heart |
| Cold War | the competition between two super power- the US and the Soviet Union, for the control of land spaces all over the world |
| What was responsible for the peace between the European neighbors? | Concert of Europe, a formation of several countries that helped to restore balance of power after Napoleon |
| World War I stimulated | League of Nations, that fell apart during World War II United Nations |
| The body responsible for making decisions for the United Nations | Security Council |
| Integration | a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout |
| European Union | -began to revitalize a war-torn Europe after World War II |
| Three Pillars | (spheres of authority) -trade and other economic matters and the creation of the European Central Bank -Justice and home affairs, border crossing, immigration, and judicial cooperation on crime and terrorism -common foreign and security policy and common defense policy |
| European Constitution | would mark an important recognition of the EU's Sovereignty if passed, but was shut down in 2005 for nationalism |
| Democratization | -competitive elections -civil liberties -equal treatment for all citizens -privacy -no military controlling the government |
| Samuel Huntington said | the world is a "third wave" of democratization -1st: over time -2nd: after world war II -3rd wave: defeat of totalitarian leaders from SA and Europe |
| Why does democratization occur? | -expansion of urban middle class -'human rights' -'snowball effect' that makes others become democratic as well |
| greatest obstacles to democratization: | poverty |
| Command economy | An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy. |
| market economy | an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices |
| mixed economy | market-based economic system with limited government involvement |
| pure market economy | an economic system with no government involvement so that private firms account for all production |
| marketization | a state's re-creation of a market where property, labor, goods, and services can all function to determine its value |
| privatization | To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control. |
| fragmentation | divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity |
| politicization of religion | use of religious principles to promote political ends and vise versa |
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