| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Realism | Envisions a dark world of irreconcilable differences and recurring conflicts among states. |
| Liberalism | Emphasizes learning from past lessons, adopting political reforms that empower more people and groups... favor cooperation over competition. |
| Marxism | View economic inequality as the defining feature of modern societies and believe global justice cannot be achieved amid widespread poverty. |
| Neorealism | Focuses on the anarchic nature of the international system - that is, the lack of world government. |
| Security Dilemma | To fortify your own military because you can't assume that neighboring state's fortifications of their army are solely for defense and is nonthreatening. |
| Constructivism | Has clear applications to U.S. foreign policy. Argues that world politics, along with domestic politics have no fixed properties. "Socially constructed" by people. |
| Cognitive Psychology | Process by which individuals obtain and process information about the world around them. |
| Group Think | The view that major US foreign-policy fiascoes could be attributed to the dysfunctions of collective decision-making. |
| Executive Agreement | international agreements that do not require Senate ratification. |
| habeas corpus | a centuries old legal principle that prisoners must be able to hear the charges against them in court and to challenge the legality of their detention. |
| Unilateral powers | towers including the issuance of executive orders and the approval of executive agreements. Creates policies that assume the weight of law without the formal endorsement of a sitting Congress. |
| Unified government | where one political party controls both the executive and legislative branches |
| divided government | where one party controls the executive branch and the other party controls the legislative branches. |
| Oversight | the legislative branch's ability to monitor the president's conduct of foreign-policy. |
| USA Patriot Act | act passed by Congress; increase the federal government's ability to investigate suspected terrorists in the United States. |
| log rolling | a practice in which they support one measure for later support for another measure |
| guns or butter debate | debates from proposed legislation for defense spending within Congress and among the general public. Critics of higher defense spending argue that domestic needs are being sacrificed in the name of national defense. |
| Plurality | to get more votes than any other person |
| majority | need 50% plus one of all of the votes to win |
| standard operating procedures | consistent measures for addressing commonly encountered situations |
| analogies | familiar and comparable precedents that allowed them to match new pieces of information against their stored memories |
| competitive model | model of management that encourages open debate and conflict among advisers, often without regard to rank. F. Roosevelt used this. |
| Collegial model | model of management seeks to exploit the strengths of the other two models while overcoming their weaknesses. Example: John Kennedy ( other two models = formalistic and competitive) |
| imperial presidency | Arthur Schlesinger Jr. argued that this had taken hold in the US with Presidents governing foreign affairs virtually by decree |
| codetermination | reflects the twin fears of tyranny at home and adventurism abroad that preoccupied the founders of the US. Constitution calls for foreign-policy powers to be shared by executive and legislative branches of government, with legal questions to be resolved by federal courts and the judicial branch |
| stewardship theory | theory that called for dominant president and domestic and foreign policy alike. *Theodore Roosevelt came up with this* |
| structural policies | policies that determine the use of federal resources, the size and shape of government agencies, and the nature of formal US agreements and arrangements with other countries |
| the intelligence oversight act of 1980 | this act empowered House and Senate committees to oversee US intelligence activities and require presidents to notify Congress about covert ( secret) operations in foreign countries |
| Intermestic policy | the merger of international and domestic policy that concerns such things as trade and the environment. These surfaced after the sudden collapse of the Cold War in 1991 |
| presidential control model | the model that use presidents as caretakers of the national interest to can rise above domestic policies, particularly when US security interests are at stake |
| congressional dominance model | the model that holds that legislators make their preferences clear to agency managers, who then had a material incentive to ensure that those preferences are realized |
| iron triangle | a view of foreign-policy process that links influential interest groups, congressional committees, and the corresponding executive branch agencies that carry out policies of mutual concern |
| transnational advocacy networks | coalitions of environmentalists, human rights activists, and other groups that organized in the name of deeply held principle |
| operational code | a political leaders believes about the nature of politics and political conflict, his views regarding the extent to which historical developments can be shaped, and his notions of correct strategy and tactics |
| cognitive closure | adopting a given solution to a problem before the available information has been fully examined and alternative strategies have been considered |
| united national Ambassador | Susan Rice |
| national security adviser | James L. Jones |
| formalistic model | model that is more orderly and hierarchical. instead of debates, President received briefings from a variety of advisers based on their particular areas of expertise period. president then selects the best solution. ( example = Harry Truman) |
| prerogative powers | considerable discretion in managing foreign affairs.*freedom to make independent and binding judgments extends far beyond national emergencies to include day-to-day decisions that do not require the blessing of Congress or the courts |
| congressional diplomacy | plays a critical role in legislative executive relation in foreign-policy matters.*concerns the degree of presidential leadership and an attention to the legislative process, a vital aspect of a president's foreign-policy goals |
| selective perception | where people tend to seek out information that reinforces their views while ignoring or dismissing information that contradicts them |
| concurrent resolution | a legislative measure passed by both the Senate and the House |
| 1964 Gulf of Tonkin resolution | authorized Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson, to take all necessary measures to protect US forces supporting the government of South Vietnam |
| cognitive consistency | where we tend to believe that people we like act in ways we approve of, have similar values, and oppose people and institutions we dislike |
| case-zablocki act (1972) | act that requires presidents to report all international agreements to Congress within 60 days of their entering into force |
| war Powers resolution ( 1973) | described shortly, which required residents to inform Congress about US military deployments and authorized Congress to order the troops home after 60 days if a majority of legislators opposed the deployments |
| the Nelson-Bingham amendment | to the 1974 foreign assistance act, which authorized Congress to review foreign arms sales of more than $25 million and to reject such sales through a concurrent resolution of both chambers |
| Jackson-Vanik amendment | to the trade act of 1974, which prevented residents from granting most-favored-nation trade status to foreign countries that restricted the emigration of their citizens |
| Boland amendment | prohibiting US government agencies from providing equipment, training, or other forms of support for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Nicaragua. Reagan administration defined the amendment |
| substantive legislation | legislation that is difficult to pass because of the time-consuming nature and partisan realities of the legislative process |
| procedural innovations | Congress has often turned to the provide members with a way to build their preferences into the policymaking process |
| Secretary of State | Hillary Clinton |
| vice President | Joe Biden |
| what are the five advantages of the presidency that had the greatest impact on the legislative executive balance of power? | national constituency (speak for all people), party leader (rely on support from own party), always in session ( unlike Congress), the bureaucracy CEO (serves as ceo of fed. bureaucracy and its employees), and the control of information ( which is extensive and closely protected) |
Combine with other sets
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