1.
2-5 CMC joints: plane synovial joints reinforced dorsally and ventrally; little or no movement possible for digits 2&3; flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction present in 4&5; digit 5 has most motion and 2 has least
2.
2-5 MCP joints: condyloid synovial joints; formed from the head of the MCs articulating with the base of the 1st phalanx; allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction; capsule reinforced ventrally, laterally, and medially
3.
acromioclavicular joint: plane synovial joint with the main movement motion being rotation of the acromion on the clavicle; often has a disc of variable thickness interposed between the two articulating surfaces
4.
anterior SC ligaments: extend from the anterior surface of the manubrium to the anterior surface of the clavicle; reinforces the anterior aspect of the joint capsule; thickening of the joint capsule
5.
biaxial joints (condyloid): permits circumduction; does not allow for rotation; one in which there is a ball and socket without rotation; Ex. metacarpophalangeal joint
6.
biaxial joints (ellipsoidal): articulation is an oval surface and socket; Ex. radio-carpal joint
7.
capitate: articulation with 3rd MC
8.
capitate: largest carpal bone
9.
carpal tunnel: lateral side of the hook of hamate
10.
carrying angle: when the elbow joint is fully extended, there is an angle in the forearm at the elbow; females (10-15degrees), males (5degrees)
11.
cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis
12.
circumduction: requires flexion, abduction, and extension
13.
Colles fracture: fracture of the distal radius; usually occurs when a person falls on an outstretched arm; usually because radius extends more distally
14.
coracoacromial ligament: extends from the coracoid process to the acromion; helps prevent superior dislocation; does not hold bones together (GHJ)
15.
coracoclavicular ligament: runs from the coracoid process to the underside of the clavicle; comprised of trapezoid and conoid ligament
16.
coracohumeral ligament: reinforces the superior aspect of the joint and protection of the shoulder
17.
costoclavicular ligament: extends from the superior aspect of the cartilage of the first rib to the inferior aspect of the clavicle
18.
dorsal radiocarpal ligament: attaches from the distal end of the radius to the lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum
19.
fibrocartilaginous disc: interposed between the clavicle and the sternum; aids in cushioning; helps the surfaces fit together better; only attaches to the joint capsule
20.
fibrous joints: syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints
21.
first CMC joint: formed from the articulation of the 1st MC and the trapezium; saddle synovial joint; capsule reinforced by lateral, palmar, and dorsal ligaments; movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and opposition
22.
glenohumeral joint: ball and socket multi axial joint with the ball being the head of the humerus and the socket being the glenoid fossa of the scapula; capable of more freedom of movement than any other joint in the body; less stable
23.
glenoid labrum: strip of fibrocartilage attached to the rim of the glenoid fossa that deepens the shallow fossa; lip of the glenoid
24.
gomphosis joints: immovable joint; present between the roots of teeth and the alveolar portion of the mandible and maxilla
25.
hamate: articulation with 4&5 MC
26.
hinge joint/uniaxial: 1st MCP joint
27.
hook of hamate: ventral surface of hamate
28.
humeroradial joint: involves the articulation of the radial head with the capitulum of the humerus; surfaces slide together during flexion but are not in contact in full extension
29.
humeroulnar joint: modified hinge joint; formed from the articulation of the humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna; pronate and supinate; in full extension olecranon process of the ulna enters the olecranon fossa of the humerus and adducts
30.
inferior aspect of the joint capsule (GHJ): without reinforcement and therefore this dislocation is relatively common
31.
inferior radioulnar joint: part of the wrist complex; formed by the articulation of the ulnar notch of the radius with the head of the ulna
32.
interclavicular ligament: extends from the superior aspect of the clavicle and joint capsule of one SC joint to the other; along the way, it attaches to the superior aspect of the manubrium
33.
interphalangeal joint: true hinge synovial joint; proximal and distal; capable of flexion and extension
34.
lateral (radial) collateral ligament: thick part of the lateral aspect of the capsule; prevents varus stretch at elbow
35.
lunate: most frequently dislocated carpal bone; most mobile on palpation
36.
medial (ulnar) collateral ligament: attaches from the medial epicondyle to the olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna; prevents valgus stretch at the elbow
37.
multiaxial joints: allow for circumduction and rotation; Ex. ball and socket (3 degrees of freedom) and saddle joints (2 degrees of freedom)
38.
nursemaid's elbow: pull head of radius out of the annular ligament
39.
palmar radiocarpal ligament: extends from the distal end of the palmar surfaces of the radius and ulna to the palmar surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and capitate
40.
pisiform: currently thought of as a carpal bone by some authors; has flexor carpi ulnaris tendon inserting on it
41.
plane joints: (arthrodial and gliding) bony surfaces are essentially flat; a sliding/gliding movement takes place; often classified as multiaxial joints because movement is allowed in 3 directions; Ex. joints between carpal bones and tarsal bones
42.
posterior SC ligament: extends from the posterior surface of the manubrium to the posterior surface of the clavicle; reinforces the posterior aspect of the joint capsule; thickening of the joint capsule
43.
radial collateral ligament: attaches from the radial styloid process to the scaphoid, trapezium, and first metacarpal; reinforcing ligament of the RCJ
44.
radiocarpal joint: formed by the radius and radioulnar disc proximally and the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum distally; can perform flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
45.
rotator cuff muscles: tendons of insertion fuse with the joint capsule and reinforce it superiorly, anteriorly, and posteriorly; move the humerus and retain the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa
46.
scaphoid: largest bone of the proximal row; most frequently fractured carpal bone
47.
sternoclavicular joint: plane type of synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom;necessary for full ABduction of the humerus; articulation surfaces are incongruent
48.
subacromial bursa: fluid filled saw that decreases friction between tendons/muscles and tendons/tendons
49.
superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments: reinforces the superior and inferior aspects of the joint, thus preventing dislocation in AC joint
50.
superior radioulnar joint: articulation of the head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulna; held in place by the annular ligament, which encircles the head of the radius and holds it to the ulna while allowing rotation; supination/pronation are main motions; greater ROM than inferior radioulnar ligament
51.
superior, anterior (middle), and posterior ligaments: minor reinforcements of the joint capsule (GHJ); difficult to distinguish from capsule proper
52.
suture joints: formed between two bones, which when developing had fibrous tissue between the two growing bones; most fibrous tissue disappears and bones articulate; capable of very slight or no movement; Ex. skull
53.
symphysis: made of two bones which have hyaline cartilage covering the joint surface and fibrocartilage uniting the two surfaces; some movement may be present; Ex. joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and the joint between the two pubic bones
54.
synchondrosis: composed of two plates of cartilage that come together; cartilage may ossify or remain a joint with cartilage covering the bones of the joint
55.
syndesmosis joints: firmly bound with ligaments and limited in the amount of movement; Ex. coracoclavicular ligament and interosseous membrane
56.
synovial joints: have hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface, a synovial membrane lining the fibrous capsule, and synovial fluid lubricating the joint surface; Ex. plane, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints
57.
tendon of the long head of biceps: runs through the joint from the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the front of the head of the humerus and inserts on the radius; held in inter tubercular groove by the transverse humeral ligament
58.
Tommy John surgery: palmaris longus tendon is used to replace the damaged MCL
59.
trapezoid: articulation with 2nd MC
60.
Tunnel of Guyon: medial side of the hook of hamate; contains the ulnar artery and nerve
61.
ulna triquetral meniscus: disc between the ulna and triquetrum
62.
ulnar collateral ligament: attaches from the styloid process of the ulna to the pisiform and triquetrum; reinforcing ligament of the RCJ
63.
uniaxial joints (hinge or ginglymus): one jt surface is concave and other is convex; most motion in one axis; Ex. interphalangeal joints and elbow (humeroulnar)
64.
uniaxial joints (pivot or trochoid): rotates; Ex. atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
