METC Class 2012-03 LMED 101 A & P
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142 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the primary components of a cell? | The outer plasma membrane, the inner space (cytosol), a variety of organelles |
| Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) | Outer limiting membrane that separates the outer environment from the inner environment of a cell. Composed of phospholipid bilayer and embedded protein molecules that can act as channels, gates, markers, and messengers for the cell. It regulates the entry and exit of molecules. |
| Simple Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until an equilibrium (i.e. constant concentration) is reached. |
| Active Transport | Uses the cells stored chemical energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) to pump molecules across molecules across membranes and against their concentration gradient. The breakdown of ATP into ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) results in the release of energy. |
| Cytosol | The fluid portion of the cell found in between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. |
| Organelles | Specialized membrane enclosed substructures found within the cell. |
| Nucleus | The largest organelle. Contains the chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the associated molecules that help transcribe as well as copy DNA. Considered the control center for cellular activity and is enclosed within the nuclear membrane. |
| Ribsomes | Strucutures that make protein based on DNA |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | a series of channels and folds where critical biochemical reactions occur. |
| Smooth ER (SER) | Portion of ER lacking ribosomes |
| Rough ER (RER) | Portion of ER that contains ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies and packages macromolecules for export from cell to other parts of the cell. |
| Mitochondria | Produces ATP to power the cell. Commonly called the powerhouse of the cell. Contains a double membrane with inner folds called cristae. |
| Hepatocytes | Cells located in liver |
| Adipocytes | Fat cells |
| Red and White blood cells | RBC's and WBC's |
| Islets of Langerhans | Small clusters of pancreatic cells responsible for secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. |
| Stem Cells (undifferentiated cells) | Cells that can become specialized. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Tissure which covers body surfaces; lines organs, cavities, and ducts; and forms glands. AKA epithelium. Functions include protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion. |
| Simple Squamous Tissue | Tissue found in the walls of blood vessels and kidneys. |
| Stratified Squamous Tissue | Located in the skin. Very dry and thick. |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Present in various glands, responsible for secreting enzymes and hormones |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Present in the digestive tract; responsible for the protection, absorption and secretion of digestive juices. |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Present in the respiratory tract, composed of a single layer of columnar cells of irregular shapes given them a false appearance of being stratified. Very rare. |
| Transitional Epithelium | Present in bladder, responsible for organ expansion. Called transitional due to its changing appearance. Under conditions where the organ is stretched the cells may appear to be simple epithelial in nature, but when stretched they have the appearance of being stratified. |
| Connective Tissue | Protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, gives the body its overall shape. |
| Bone connective tissue | Provides structure, support, mineral storage and houses blood forming tissue called marrow. Human body contains over 206 bones. |
| Cartilage connective tissue | Jelly like substance consisting of collagen protein fibers made by cells embraced in cartilage. Found in external ear, nose, vertebrae, ribs, and around joints. |
| Blood connective tissue | Liquid matrix consisting of plasma and cells. Located in circulatory system, and functions in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange as well as clotting and immunity. Average adult has blood volume of about 5 liters. |
| Adipose (fat) connective tissue | Cells filled with lipid in the form of triglyceride. Adipose tissue is a storage form of energy. Excess calories are stored in adipose tissue. |
| Muscle tissue | Tissues consisting of contractile fibers that generate force. |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Striated (stripe-like) cylindrical fibers capable of a rapid strong response under VOLUNTARY control. Responsible for moving the skeleton, maintaining posture and stabilizing joints. |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Non-striated pointly shaped fibers capable of slow, weak response and is NOT VOLUNTARY. Encircles blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and glands. They expand or contract as needed to control flow and excretion of bodily fluids. |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Branched Y-shaped fibers that are capable of strong rhythmic contractions. Located exclusively in the heart, and provide for the constant pumping of blood. |
| Nervous tissue | Transmits nerve impulses to coordinate the body. |
| Neurons | Highly specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses through the axons, dendrites, and synapse. |
| Neuron cell body (a.k.a. Soma) | Central portion of the neuron, it contains the nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that contains the typical organelles. |
| Dendrites | Usually short, tapering and highly branched projections. RECEIVES impulses from body or other neurons and transmits them to cell body. |
| Axons | Long, thin, cylindrical projections that TRANSMIT impulses away from to cell body, to the synapse, to body or another neuron. |
| Synapse | Functional junction between two neurons. May be electrically activated or may be activated by specific biochemicals called neurotransmitters. |
| Neuroglia (Glial cells) | The rest of the cells in the nervous system apart from the neurons. These cells do most of the maintenance, immune functions, and metabolism for the neurons, allowing them to be highly specialized. |
| Circulatory system | Consists of cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Circulates oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones to cells throughout the body. Carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and cellular wastes to the kidneys for excretion. Aids in coagulation, defense against disease, and assists in body temp regulation. |
| Heart | Contains four main chambers (upper and lower ventricle and atriums) and pumps blood throughout the body. |
| Arteries | Strong elastic vessels that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from heart |
| Arterioles | Extremely small arteries that result from multiple branching of major arteries. Function is to direct and control blood flow and to reduce blood pressure. |
| Capillaries | Microscopic vessels that consist of a single layer of epithelial cells. Function is to allow nutrient and waste exchange between blood and cells. |
| Venules | Collection of capillaries that lead into very small veins. Function is to collect blood for return to veins that lead back to heart. |
| Veins | Elastic vessels that carry oxygen rich blood TOWARDS the heart. Veins have one-way valves to keep the blood constantly moving towards the heart. |
| Blood | Made up of RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), and platelets (Thrombocytes). |
| Lymphatic system | Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and specialized lymphatic organs such as thymus, tonsils, and spleen. Functions are to remove excess fluids, movement of fat related nutrients from digestive tract to blood, and is the primary component of the immune system. |
| Lymph | Clear fluid resembling plasma but with a composition similar to tissue fluid. Contains 95% water and rest is composed of electrolytes, waste and some protein. Primarily composed of lymphocytes. |
| Lymphatic vessels | Extensive network of vessels that carry lymph to its eventual return to circulatory system. |
| Lymph nodes | Small, pea shaped patches of lympoid tissue that filter lymph on its way to the circulatory system. |
| Spleen | Largest lymphoid organ; it filters blood instead of lymph, destroys worn out red blood cells and trapped microorganisms as well as salvaging iron from hemoglobin. Also serves as a reservoir for blood and platelets. |
| Chyle | Milky fluid made of lymph and lipid that is formed in the small intestine and taken up by lymph vessels. |
| Skin | Largest organ in the body, covers about 22 sq. ft. and weighs about 10 lbs. Contains multiple layers of cells. Also contains additional structures such as hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Commonly referred to as integumentary system. Functions are to regulate body temperature, protect the body, and to allow for sensation. |
| Skeletal system | Includes all of the bones in the body, joints, and associated muscles and cartilage. It gives the body its shape, protects internal organs, provides the body movement and leverage, responsible for body's blood cell production (Hematopoiesis), and stores calcium and phosphate. |
| Compact bone | Dense outer shell of a bone. Provides protection, strength, and support as well as a site for mineral storage. |
| Spongy bone | Porous matrix with large hollow spaces that make the bone light, but retain its strength. |
| Marrow | Soft spongy material in the middle of the bone. Marrow is where blood cells are generated. |
| Epiphyseal line | Place where bone grows longer. It becomes inactive at the end of puberty and these lines fuse with surrounding bone. |
| Synovial fluid | Fluid inside the joints, prevents rubbing between joints and bones |
| Tendons | Fibrous connective tissue that attaches a MUSCLE TO BONE. |
| Ligaments | Fibrous bands of connective tissues that run from BONE TO BONE; support and strengthen joints; prevent movement in the wrong direction. |
| Cartilage | Collagen fibers that provide flexability |
| Muscular system | Includes all of the bones, joints, associated muscles and cartilage in the body. |
| Nervous system | Communication system that transmits information very rapidly by nerve impulses from one body area to another. Regulates and integrates the body activites. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Includes brain, spinal cord, and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) |
| Cerebrum | Largest and uppermost part of the brain. Responsible for sensory perception, willed movement, consciousness, and memory. |
| Thalamus | Located in the middle of the brain, serves as a relay station between station cerebrum and body |
| Hypothalamus | Located below thalamus, connects nervous and endocrine systems. Responds to hormones from and releases hormones to blood stream. Pituitary gland is located below hypothalamus and is controlled by hypothalamus. |
| Cerebellum | Located at bottom back part of brain, responsible for motor coordination. |
| Brainstem | Connects spinal cord and brain. Regulates automatic processes in the body, i.e. breathing and heart beat. |
| Spinal cord | Communication pathway between body and brain |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to rest of body. |
| Autonomic Nervous system | Operates with conscious control as the caretaker of the body activities. Largely controlled from hypothalamus. |
| Voluntary Nervous system | Contains motor and sensory nerves. Motor nerves sends signals from brain, sensory nerves return info back to brain. |
| Endocrine | Hormone synthesized in an endocrine cell and released into the blood stream. Bonds to target organ cells at DISTANT sites. |
| Paracrine | Hormone synthesized in an endocrine cell and released into interstitial spaces. Bonds to target organ cells at NEARBY sites. |
| Autocrine | Hormone synthesized in an endocrine cell that binds to specific receptors on the same cell that produced it, auto regulating its function. |
| Steroids | Derived from cholesterol and produced by adrenal gland, gonads, and placenta. Exert their action by passing through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. Common steroids are estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol. |
| Proteins | Not water soluble and do not bind to carrier proteins in circulation. Peptides (small proteins) - insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Human growth hormone (hGH), and prolactin (PRL). Glycoproteins - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). |
| Amines | Derived from the amino acid Tyrosine. Have properties similar to those of steroids and proteins. |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) | When secreted into bloodstream it rapidly prepares the body for action in emergency situations. |
| Dopamine | Neurohormone released by hypothalamus and has many functions in brain, including important roles in behavior and cognition, motor activity, motivation and reward, inhibition of prolactin production (lactation), sleep, mood, attention, and learning. |
| Thryoid hormones | T 3 is the most powerful hormone, and affects almost every process in the body, including body temp, growth, and heart rate. |
| Homestasis | Maintaining a constant internal environment within specific physiological limits. Regulates metabolism of salt, water, carbs, fat, and protein. |
| Morphogenesis | Normal growth and development (physical and mental) requires the correct degree of endocrine function. |
| Integrative action | Hormones that act in conjunction with other hormones and/or the nervous system to regulate a specific function. |
| Water Soluble Hormones | Bind to cell membranes, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell. Deliver their message through several messengers: First Messenger - Water soluble hormone, binds with specific receptors on outside of the target cell Second Messenger - Binding of hormone to the receptor, triggers a series of molecular interactions which result in desired physiological response requested by hormone. |
| Lipid Soluble Hormones | Steroid hormones are lipid soluble that can cross directly from blood through plasma membrane. Bind to and activate receptors located within nucleus, initiating protein synthesis. |
| Feedback | Cycle of events in which info about the status of a condition is constantly monitored, reported to a central control and region and acted upon when out of physiological limits. |
| Negative Feedback control | Mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates actions that reverse or reduce the stimulus. Most common. |
| Positive Feedback Control | Mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates actions that enhance or continue the stimulus. |
| Receptor Regulation | Mechanism of control how many receptors are present or expressed on cell surface. |
| Up Regulation | Cells ability to increase the number of surface receptors for a particular hormone |
| Down Regulation | Cells ability to decrease (internalize) surface receptors when hormone levels may be elevated or more than adequate to meet the cells needs. |
| Subnormal Hormone Production | Due to absence of gland; defects in embryogenesis; a deficient enzyme; damage due to infectious disease; autoimmune disorders; chemical exposure; radiation; or surgical damage. |
| Hormonal Excess | Can be caused by tumors of an endocrine gland or by hormone like stimulating substances. |
| Resistance to Hormone Action | Target tissue is unable to detect to the presence of the hormone. |
| Multiple Hormone Abnormalities | Involves multiple hormones |
| Abnormality in Hormone in Transport or Storage | Conditions can result from specific transport proteins being unavailable or unable to carry hormones or to properly store hormones. |
| Reproductive system | Organs that produce and support reporductive cells (sperm and eggs); also important producers of hormones which are chemicals capable of altering the activity of other organs. |
| Homology | Both male and female reproductive organs start off the same in the womb then diverge. For every male organ there is a corresponding female organ. |
| Sex Hormones | Testosterone is produced by Leydig cells in testicles. Estrogens and progesterone are produced in ovaries. |
| Urinary system | Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. Controls the excretion of waste products, which are removed from the blood by the kidneys. Each kidney contains one million nephrons. |
| Kidneys | Bean shaped pair of organs located in the small of the back on each side of the spine. |
| Ureters | Pair of fibromuscular tubes which transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. |
| Bladder | Elastic, hollow, muscular organ that provides temporary storage for urine. |
| Urethra | A muscular tubular passageway from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
| Normal Body Temp | 98.6 degrees fahrenheit, + or - 1 |
| Sensor | Temperature receptors located in the skin, mucus membranes, large veins, and internal organs report temperature to the hypothalamus in the brain. |
| Effectors | Actions that occur throughout the body in response to a signal |
| Vasoconstriction/Dilation | Nerve impulses cause smooth muscles of the blood vessels to contract or relax (dilate) to control heat loss. Dilation, heat is expelled. Vasoconstriction, heat is contained. Metabolism is increased when body is cold or too hot. This triggers dilation or constriction. |
| Sweating | Stimulation of the sweat glands to produce liquid perspiration which upon evaporation lowers the bodys temp. |
| Shivering | An increase in skeletal muscle activity that results in heat production. |
| Digestive system | A long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It contains many associated organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Performs the physical and chemical breakdown of food for use by cells and to eliminate solid waste. |
| Gastrointestinal (GI) tract | Consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. |
| Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus | Receives and directs food to the stomach. |
| Stomach | J-shaped smooth muscle organ under both nervous system and hormonal control. Protein digestion begins by bathing proteins in concentrated hydrochloric acid. |
| Small Intestine | A long tube connecting the stomach with the large intestine. Secretes various digestive enzymes to support complete digestion of our food which contains the major biochemical macromolecules carbs, proteins, and fats. |
| Large Intestine | Connects small intestine and outside of body. Responsible for absorption of water, certain electrolytes, and temporary storage of feces. |
| Pancreas | Releases bicarbonate to counteract, or neutralize, the acidity of Chyme coming out of the stomach. Also helps in digestion of food. |
| Liver | Sends bile salts to gall bladder and also detoxifies foreign molecules in blood stream such as drugs or ethanol. |
| Gall bladder | Releases concentrated bile salts to bind fat and make it water soluble so it can be absorbed into small intestine. |
| Respiratory system | Composed of upper and lower respiratory tracts. Supplies oxygen to blood and eliminates carbon dioxide gas from body. Air travels from mouth/nose to larynx then to the bronchi and alveoli, then into the lungs. From there it is transferred via RBCs to the rest of the body. Then it will diffuse into cells, mitochondria and be converted into ATP. |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | Includes nose and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea. Found OUTSIDE the chest cavity. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract | Includes lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Located INSIDE the chest cavity. |
| Anatomy | Study of the structure and relationships of body parts. |
| Physiology | Study of the functions of body parts. |
| Metabolism | Sum of all of the biochemical reactions that occur within a cell. |
| Atoms | Nucleus of stable protons and neutrons surrounded by a fast moving cloud of electrons. |
| Molecules | Group of two or more atoms bonded together. |
| Cells | Basic unit of a living organism |
| Tissues | Group of similar cells that function together to perform a specialized activity. |
| Organs | Group of different tissues that combine together to perform specific tasks. |
| Organ systems | Groups of organs and tissues that collectively perform a specific task. |
| Organism | An individual living thing |
| Endocrinology | Study of the structure and functions of the endocrine glands as well as the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endorcrine system |
| Endocrine gland | A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream, the hormones are then carried throughout the body where they bind to a target organ cell |
| Endocrine hormone | A chemical substance messenger produced and secreted by an edocrine gland then secreted directly into blood stream and carried throughout the body where they bind to a target organ cell |
| Target Organ Cells | An organ that has specific cell receptors for a particular hormone, triggering a reaction in that cell |
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