| Term | Definition |
|---|
| amino acids | Proteins are made of _____ |
| Enzymes | These proteins control chemical reactions in an organism |
| uracil, thymine | In an RNA molecule the base _____ is present instead of _____ that is in the DNA |
| tRNA | This is the molecule that is responsible for transporting an amino acid to the ribosome |
| codon | Each set of three bases on an mRNA is called |
| transcription | this is the process of creating an mRNA from a DNA |
| translation | This is the process of creating a string of amino acids |
| 20 | The total number of different amino acids is ______ |
| gene | This is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
| ribosome | This is where translation takes place |
| proteins and rRNA | The ribosome is made up of these molecules: _____ and _____ |
| RNA polymerase II | This is the enzyme that attaches free RNA nucleotides in transcription |
| TGTATC | The correct DNA compliment for the following DNA strand: ACATAG |
| GCCGUAUAG | The correct RNA transcript for the following DNA strand: CGGCATATC |
| AUG | This is the start codon, ALWAYS! |
| Methionine | AUG will code for which amino acid? |
| tRNA | Which RNA molecule has a distinctive "clover-leaf" shape? |
| Peptide | This is the type of bond that forms between the amino acids. |
| Promoter | This is a place on the DNA molecule that "advertises" for the attachment of the Polymerase for transcription of a gene |
| Stop codon | UAA is an example of.... |
| introns | In processing of a mRNA molecule, the _____ are removed before translation. |
| 3. Gene expression is controlled differently in specific cell types | Which of the following statements is true? 1. All genes are always expressen in all cell types. 2. Different cell types have different sets of genes. 3. Gene expression is controlled differently in specific cell types. 4. Gene expression is random and occurs by chance. |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA are ______ |
| nucleotides | These are the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| A release factor enters the A site of the ribosome and the whole complex comes apart | During the assembly of a protein, when a stop codon enters the ribosome, this happens: |
| pre-mRNA editing | A "cap" and a "tail" are associated with this: |
| spliceosome | These are the enzymes used to remove non-coding portions of the mRNA before exit from the nucleus |
| adenines | The tail of a mRNA consists of many of these bases |
| methylated guanosine | The cap of a mRNA consists of this |
| A-T, G-C | A section of DNA that has many _____ repeats is weaker than one that contains many _____ because of the number of hydrogen bonds |
| TATA Box | The promoter region has this segment that the transcribing enzymes recognized as a binding spot |
| exons | The coding sections of a mRNA are called |
| coding strand | This is the strand of the unzipped DNA that is used as a template for the mRNA |
| P site | This is the first site to be filled by a tRNA carrying an amino acid |
| anticodon | The three bases on the tRNA that compliment with the bases on the mRNA during translation |
| E. Coli | What organism will be transformed in the lab activity? |
| A gene coding for turning the colonies green, a gene coding for resistance to ampicillin | What 2 genes are carried by the pGLO plasmid? |
| arabinose | What nutrient substance acts as a chemical switch to activate one of the genes on our plasmid? |
| ampicillin | What specific antibiotic will our transformed organisms be resistant to? |
| E. Coli does not have many cells, making it easier to transform. | Why is E. Coli a good choice for an organism to transform? |
| heat shock | What main procedure makes our organism competent? |
| food | What is the purpose of Lauria Broth (LB)? |
| to maintain a control on the experiment | What is the purpose of the -pGLO tubes, plates? |
| Ampicillin should kill the E. Coli | What do you expect to see on the -pGLO LB/Amp plate? |
| E. Coli will not fluoresce and the pGLO will neutralize the effects of ampicillin | What do you expect to see on the +pGLO LB/Amp plate? |
| The plate with arabinose will turn glowing green. | What do you expect to see on the +pGLO LB/Amp/Ara plate? |
| Down their concentration gradient | During diffusion, molecules will move.... |
| wilts | When the cells of a plant have low turgor pressure, the plant |
| active transport | The sodium (NA+) and potassium (K+) pump is an example of |
| active transport pumps | a cell must use ATP if using ______ to transport molecules |
| phagocytosis | Some animal cells engulf large solid substances through the process of ______ |
| Osmosis | Aquaporin is important in |
| exocytosis | cells remove waste through a process of ______ |
| phospholipids | The cell membrane is made up mostly of ______ |
| some movement of water in both directions, but no net movement | If a dialysis bag with distilled water inside of it were placed in distilled water, what would happen? |
| Chromatin | This is the form of hereditary material that is present in the nucleus most of the time, it is loose and looks grainy through a microscope |
| nucleolus | Ribosomes are made here |
| cisternae | The internal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is called _____ |
| lysosomes | The garbage collectors of the cell are _____ |
| Vacuole | Large sack in plant cell that stores water |
| cristae | Folded inner membrane of the mitochondria where cellular respiration reactions occur |
| mitochondria | All are part of the chloroplast except: (thylakoid, DNA, grana, mitochondria) |
| microtubules | The thickest of the cytoskeleton filaments are |
| CO2 | Cells of plats must take in ______, which is normally a waste product created by animal cells |
| O2 and C6H12O6 | What two fuels are neeed by the mitochondria in order to make ATP? |
| electrical potential | The increased concentration of a particular ion on one side of a cell membrane in order to do work is called |
| isotonic solution | When a cell experiences no net movement of water then it is surrounded by a(n) |
| conductivity | In the diffusion lab experiment, with the dialysis bags, we used _____ to measure the rate of diffusion |
| synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, and detoxification of drugs and poisons | List the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| size, charge, polarity | List three characteristics of molecules that determine permeability for that molecule |
| free ribosomes | Proteins intended for use within the cell are made here |
| fungi, archaebacteria, plants | List three organisms that have cell walls (there are more than the ones I have listed here) |
| Mitochondria | These were once thought to have been a free living prokaryote that could metabolize oxygen |
| sex cells | The purpose of Meiosis is to produce what? |
| reduction | Meiosis I is sometimes referred to as the ______ stage of meiosis because the chromosome number goes from 2n to 1n |
| 2 | Meiosis II happens to _______ cells at once |
| Metaphase | In which phase do the chromosomes line up 2x2 or side-by-side with their partner down the middle |
| synapsis | Partners on a dance floor coming together and embracind is how we describe this process for homologous pairs |
| crossing-over | When bits of chromatid segments break off and switch places with the partner, this is called _______ |
| 4 | The ratio of gamete production for spermatogenisis is 1 to |
| 1 | The ratio of gamete production for oogenisis is 1 to |
| nondisjunction | when homologous partners do not separate in Anaphase I |
| mitosis | In the process of cell division, cytokinesis follows _____ |
| chromosomes line up in the center of the cell | Each of the following occurs by the end of prophase except: (coiling of the chromosome becomes tighter, nucleus disappears, chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, nuclear envelope breaks down) |
| spindle fiber | In mitosis, the string-like structure that is important to moving the chromatids apart is the _____ |
| G1 | In the cell cycle, the main growth of the cell usually occurs during _____ |
| Faster | As a cell increases in size, its volume increases _____ than its surface area |
| interphase | The first stage of the cell cycle is _____ |
| Cytokinesis | The process by which cytoplasm of a cell divides is called |
| Prophase | The first phase of mitosis is _____ |
| centromere | Sister chromatids are attached to each other at the |
| Mitosis | The process by which the nucleus and its contents are divided is called |
| Synthesis | The stage of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated |
| Telophase | In mitosis, the chromosomes begin to unwind into a tangle of chromatin during what phase? |
| chromosomes | The condensing and coiling of chromatin results in visible |
| plant | As new cells are formed, a cell plate forms midway between the nuclei in these types of cells |
| kinetochore | The protein handle on the sister chromatid for spindle attachment |
| interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis | For a cell to go through a complete reproductive cycle the stages occur in the following order and have the approximate percentage of time spent in each phase or stage: 80% _____, 18% _____, 2% _____ |
| cleavage furrow | In an animal cell the cell membrane begins to pinch in forming a _____ in preparation for cytokinesis |
| sister chromatids | After DNA replication, the exact copies remain attached to each other, now being called _____ |
| non-polar | lipids are (polar or non-polar) |
| 3 | In the formation of a triglyceride _____ water molecules are formed |
| 2, oxygen | Triglycerides release _____ times the energy per gram as carbohydrates do when combined with _____ |
| carboxyl | The left end of the molecule unsaturated fatty acid contains the functional group called |
| hydrophobic | The science name for "water fearing" is _____ |
| bilayer of phospholipids | Cell membranes are made of a |
| wax | A structural lipid that plants and animals use for protection |
| steroid (Manny Ramirez) | This type of lipid does not have a carbon chain for its backbone; instead it has 4 carbon rings |
| double helix | DNA has this type of structure |
| deoxyribose | What type of sugar does DNA have |
| negative charge | The phosphate group on the DNA and RNA allows DNA and RNA to be manipulated because it gives the molecule this property: a _____ |
| because it has 5 carbon atoms | Why is the sugar of a nucleotide called "pentose" |
| antiparallel | One half of a DNA molecule arranged in an upside down orientation compared to the other half is called _____ |
| genome | the entire hereditary code for a living thing is called _____ |
| chromosome | a linear strand of eukaryotic DNA |
| haploid | half the number of chromosomes as are found in a body cell |
| somate | a body cell |
| Thymine | Adenine compliments _____ in a DNA molecule |
| Thymine | This base is not present in an RNA molecule |
| peptide | The chemical reaction that involves two amino acid structures side-by-side and create a condensation reaction forms what type of bond? |
| polypeptide | Proteins can also be called |
| structural | collagen is an example of this type of protein |
| hormone | These type of proteins are chemical messengers that are made in the glands and affect only target tissues |
| enzyme | These types of proteins act as catalysts in chemical reactions |
| chemical reaction | whenever bonds are broken or made this is called _____ |
| 20 | How many unique amino acids are there? |
| function | Finish this statement: "Shape determines _____" |
| the "R" group | this part of the amino acid is what makes it unique |
| hydrogen bonding, temperature, solvent type | These three things can affect the shape of a protein |
| primary structure | the list of the order of the amino acids that make up a protein is considered the |
| secondary structure | alpha helices and beta pleaetd sheets describe this |
| quartanary structure | When two or more peptide chains join together to form a large complex protein |
| tertiary structure | the overall 3-D globular shape of a protein |
| covalent | What type of bond forms when two atoms share electrons? |
| isomers | Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulae are called |
| monosaccharides | Glucose and fructose are |
| polar | Because hydrogen and oxygen do not share electrons evenly, water is a _____ molecule |
| glucose | The monomers of glycogen are |
| C6H12O6 | The chemical formula for glucose is |
| cellulose | The most abundant organic material on earth is a polysaccharide called _____ |
| carbon | Organic compounds must contain the element _____ |
| 4 | Carbon can form up to _____ single covalent bonds |
| atom | Each element is made up of only one kind of _____ |
| protons and neutrons | The nucleus of an atom contains |
| electrons | An ionic bond forms when two atoms combine by gaining or losing _____ |
| ATP | the energy "currency" for all life is |
| isotope | An atom that has more protons that neutrons is called a(n) |
| 7.4 | the pH of human blood needs to remain at approximately _____ |
| Water | The most important component of cells |
| CO2 | This waste gas is small and non-polar so it can diffuse across the membrane easily |
| O2 | This fuel is a gas that can diffuse eaily across the cell membrane |
| phosphates | These hydrophilic regions of the cell membrane attract ions and polar molecules |
| hypertonic | When solute levels are higher outside of a cell compared to the cytoplasm, the outside is considered _____ |
| expand because the cytoplasm is hypertonic | If a blood cell is placed in distilled water, the cell will _____ |
| facilitated diffusion | Water diffuses by _____ |
| endocytosis | When a cell membrane changes shape to take in large molecules, it is called _____ |
| receptors | Other than transporters, proteins embedded in the membrane can act like _____ |
| diffusion | the random movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration is called _____ |
| electrical potential | Ions are quite often pumped across the membrane to maintain |
| ATP | This molecule is required to move substances up their concentration gradient |
| phagocytosis | a special type of active transport involving cytoskeleton movement is called _____ |
| isotonic | water will always try to reach this state |
| bacteria | cells that have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles:(fungi, plant, bacteria, protists) |
| prokaryotes | These cells do not have membrane-bound organelles: (prokaryotes or eukaryotes) |
| False | True or False: Archaebacteria live in simplistic environments. |
| human skin cells | All have cell walls except: (human skin cells, E. coli, portabella mushrooms, extremophiles) |
| selectively permeable membrane | What determines how or if somethings enters? |
| Mitochondria | This has its own DNA and divides independently of the cell |
| Length X width X height | Volume is the measurement of _____ X _____ X _____ |
| chromatin | DNA that is loosely packed and expressing hereditary information |
| cisternae | the space inside the endoplasmic reticulum |
| golgi apparatus | this organelle is not continuous; it looks like stacks of soggy pancakes |
| lysosomes | the garbage collectors of the cell |
| chloroplast | has thylakoids and grana |
| structure, function | Cells are the basic units of _____ and _____ for living things |
| acidic | lysosomes have an environment within them that is on what end of the pH scale? |
| poor buffer | Water is considered a _____ because it's pH fluctuates drastically in the presence of acid or base |
| 10 | The pH scale is an exponential logarithmic scale in that when you move from any number to the next on the scale, the acidity or alkanity increases or decreases by a power |
| constant motion | The electrons of an atom occupy more space than the protons and neutrons because of their _____ |
| has a slightly positive charge near the Hydrogens and a slightly negative charge near the oxygen | Water is polar. This means that it |
| 2 | Atoms are limited to no more than _____ electrons on their on their innermost energy level |
| ionization | When salt dissociates in water, and each atom now carries a charge, this process is called _____ |
| hydrophilic | The science name for "water loving" is _____ |
| wax | a structural lipid that plants use for retaining water |
| half a "ladder" | RNA has this type of structure |
| deoxyribose | What type of sugar does DNA have |
| phosphate | What part of a nucleotide allows DNA and RNA to be manipulated because of its charge |
| 5 | how many carbons are in the sugar of a nucleotide |
| homologous | Two strands of DNA that each carry the genes for the same traits in the same location along their lengths are called what? |
| diploid | A somatic cell is described as having the _____ number of chromosomes |
| Guanine | Cytosine compliments _____ in a DNA molecule |
| Uracil | This base is present in an RNA molecule, and not found in DNA |
| transport | Hemoglobin is an example of this type of protein |
| substrate | The item an enzyme works on is called what? |
| A site | The second site to be filled by a tRNA carrying an amino acid and is the site that continuously gets filled as it becomes vacant |
| pGLO | The name of the plasmid used in our bacterial tranformation lab |
| adding CaCl2 | This procedure causes a chemical change in the cell membrane making it more likely to take up plasmid |
| Lauria Broth | This nutrient helps the bacteria reach their log phase of growth |
| ultra violet | What type of light do the transformed bacteria glow under if the GFP is turned on? |
| white | What color do the transformed bacteria show up as on the +pGLO LB/amp plate? |
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