TX History FINAL
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Created by:
pendragon4526 on May 15, 2009
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Description:
All the terms for Chapters 3-30! (27, 28, 29 and 30 are coming soon this weekend!)
Classes:
The Midtermers, The Hawks, Cistercianites, Finalers
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545 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archaeologists | Scientists who study the past human activity |
| Adobe | Claylike material made from straw and mud baked in the sun in the shape of bricks for building. |
| Anthropologists | a scientist who studies the origin, movement, and way of life of humans |
| Artifacts | Items left behind by another ancient culture. They can be but are not limited to tools, artwork, pottery, baskets, and shells |
| Atlatl | notched throwing stick used by hunters to propel spears farther and faster. |
| Confederacy | a union of people or groups. |
| Cultures | the way groups of people express and conduct themselves |
| Dugout Canoes | Canoes made from a tree, used primarily used by the Karankawas |
| Matrilineal | to trace one's descent through the mother. |
| Middlemen | go betweens |
| Nomads | people who do not stay in one place but move around looking for food |
| Shamans | people believed to have the power to summon spirits and cure the sick. |
| Surround | A hunting tactic in which prey was stealthily surrounded then ambushed in an ever tightening circle. |
| Tepee | A shelter usually used by the Tiguas that were able to be packed up and carried off quickly. |
| Trotline | a heavy cord that has many hooks attached to it and cast into a river or into the ocean. |
| Conquistadores | Spanish soldiers who sought riches and power for themselves and glory for Spain. |
| Friars | members of Catholic religious orders who helped Spain gain a foothold in the Americas |
| Missions | religious outposts |
| Viceroy | an official who a monarch |
| Pueblo | a series of connected flat roofed buildings |
| Stockade | an enclosure of posts made to form a defense |
| Sandbar | A ridge of sand built up by currents in a river or coastal waters |
| Presidios | Spanish military outposts |
| Council | advisers |
| Province | one district of a country |
| Ayuntamiento | A Spanish Settlement council |
| Alcalde | the chief official of a Spanish Settlement |
| Mestizos | people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage. |
| Tejano | people of Mexican heritage who consider Texas their home. |
| Alliances | a working agreement |
| Filibusters | an individual that carries out rebellious activities in a foreign country. |
| Grito | A call |
| Liberation | setting something free |
| Republic | a government in which the power lies with the citizens, who vote for people to represent them. |
| Lariat | lasso |
| Vaqueros | a cowhand |
| Recruit | enlisted |
| Fortified | strengthened |
| Bombard | Fired upon |
| Massacre | to kill many at one time. |
| Cavalry | the mounted horse soldiers |
| Flank | far left side |
| Infantry | companies of foot soldiers |
| Annexation | Becoming a part of the United States |
| Expenditure | money paid out |
| Revenue | money received |
| Tariff | Tax |
| Endowment fund | Fund for universities |
| Cabinet | People that the president chooses to help him |
| Redback | paper money |
| Archives | official documents |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that the United States was destined to expand coast to coast. |
| Joint resolution | Both parties agree on the resolution |
| Immigrant agent | people paid ion land or money to relocate settlers to an area- to bring colonists to Texas. |
| Subsistence crop | Food Products that are eaten on the farm where they are grown |
| Raft | Driftwood tangles |
| Charter | established by a contract. |
| Fiesta | festival or religious celebration |
| Legislature | Lawmaking body |
| Amend | change |
| Convention | nominating candidates at political meetings |
| Cede | give up |
| Abolitionist | the people that worked to end slavery |
| Census | a count of the population |
| Teamster | animal drivers |
| Descendant | offspring |
| Confederate States of America | States that withdrew from the United States to fight the Union |
| States Rights | The position that the federal government should not interfere with the constitutional rights of the states (such as slavery) |
| Republican Party | A party of the United States that was anti-slavery |
| Southern Democrats | Supported Slavery |
| Secede | Withdraw |
| Sovereignty | Supreme Power |
| Abraham Lincoln | Won the 1860 election as a Republican |
| South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana | States that seceded from the Union |
| Texas Secession Convention | A convention to decided to secede from the Union |
| Ordinance of Secession | A decree from the Secession Convention; called for vote from the people in order to decide whether or not to secede from the Union |
| Ordinance | Local law |
| Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina | States that seceded from the Union after Texas did |
| Montgomery Convention | A convention that made a new constitution for the Confederate States |
| Confederate Constitution | The constitution made by the Montgomery Convention. States where given more power, and slavery was protected |
| Jefferson Davis | The president of the Confederacy from Mississippi |
| Alexander H. Stephen | The vice president of the Confederacy |
| John H. Reagan | The postmaster general of the Confederacy |
| Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark | the governor of Texas during some of the Confederacy |
| Perpetual | Continuing forever |
| Fort Sumter | Where the first shot of the Civil War was fired |
| Conscription Act | Passed on April 16, 1862. See conscription |
| Conscription | The forced enrollment of people into military service |
| James W. Throckmorton | Elected governor in 1866 to replace Edward Clark |
| Albert Sidney Johnston | commanded the army of the Republic of Texas |
| Battle of Shiloh | Where Johnston was killed |
| Unionists | people who supported the Union |
| Milton Holland | An African American Texan who won a medal of honor |
| Colonel Santos Benavides | A leader of Mexican American confederate soldiers |
| Vigilantes | citizens who act as an unauthorized police power for an area |
| Preventive Strike | Prevents a possible future attack |
| Brigadier General H. Sibley | Led the New Mexico Campaign |
| Blockade | To surround, and prevent the flow of goods |
| Galveston | Most important sea port in Texas |
| John B. Magruder | A confederate commander of Texas who planned to retake Galveston |
| Bayou City and Neptune | Two gunboats, refitted to help retake Galveston |
| Galveston Harbor | Location of Union vessels near Galveston. |
| Major General William B. Franklin | Union Commander who planned to take his troops near sabine pass |
| Fort Griffin | Fort on the Sabine Pass |
| Dick Dowling | In charge of a company of 47 soldiers |
| Davis Guards | Company led by Dick Dowling |
| Colonel John S. Ford | Led the recapture of Brownsville |
| Red River | Path used by 25,000 union soldiers to march into East Texas |
| Richard Taylor | Blockaded Union forces at the Red River |
| Mansfield, Louisiana | Place where two armies met, after the Union tried to move into Texas via the Red River |
| Hood's Texas Brigade and Terry's Texas Rangers | Better known Texas units serving east of the Mississippi River. |
| Francis R. Lubbock | Defeated Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark for re-election |
| Pendelton Murrah | A lawyer from Marshall, elected governor in 1836 |
| Rossana Osterman | Turned her luxurious home into a hospital |
| Homespun | A loosely-woven, homemade fabric |
| General Robert E. Lee | Leader of the confederate army, who decided to surreneder to General Ulysses S. Grant |
| Appomatox Court House | Location of Lee's surrender |
| Palmito Ranch | Last land battle of the civil war was fought where? |
| John Wilkes Booth | President Lincoln's Assasin |
| Andrew Jackson Hamilton | Provisional Governor, appointed by President Andrew Johnson |
| Quinine | An important drug, used for fighting Malaria |
| More Money to finance war, and more factories to build materials for the war | Important factors that contributed to the North's win |
| Governor James W. Thockmorton | Former confederate commanding general of the frontier district of Texas. |
| Ratify | Approve |
| Ammendments | Changes |
| Thirteenth Ammendment | Abolished Slavery |
| Fourteenth Ammendment | Granted citizenship to former enslaved people |
| Black Codes | Laws restricting the rights of African Americans |
| Radical Republicans | Republicans who believed the south should pay dearly for leaving the union, that freedmen should get the same rights as a white men, etc. |
| Veto | Reject |
| Impeach | Accuse someone of crimes, so that they must be tried in a court. |
| Fifteenth Ammendment | Gave African American Men the right to vote |
| Elisha M. Pease | Replaced governor Thockmorton, courtesy of Sheridan. Priviously Thockmortons' opponent in the 1866 election |
| Scalawags | Suthern whites who supported reconstruction |
| Carpetbaggers | Northeners who came to the south for helping the south, or for personal economic gain |
| Edmund J. Davis | Radical Republican's candidate, who narrowly defeated Andrew J. Hamilton for governor |
| Compulsory | Required |
| Richard Coke | A former confederate leader from Waco, who ran against Davis for governor; He won |
| Reconstruction | The period after the civil war in which the country was built back up |
| Emancipation Proclamation | The document which freed slaves in the South; issued by Lincoln |
| General Gordon Granger | Issued a proclamation to Texans declaring slaves to be free |
| Juneteenth | June 19th; when slaves where freed in Texas |
| General George A. Custer | The leader of a Union Cavalry that occupied Austin, the capitol |
| Oliver O. Howard | The head of the Freedmen's Bureau and a Union Civil War general |
| Freedmen's Bureau | It helped freed African Americans and poor whites |
| General E.M. Gregory | The head of the Freedmen's Bureau in Texas |
| Nullify | Cancel |
| Freedmen | Freed African American Slaves |
| Campaigns | Operations |
| Agents | Rerpresentatives |
| Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek | A treaty that guarenteed Native Americans food, shelter, and protection, as long as they agreed to live peacefully on reservations. |
| Indian Territory | Area, in present day Oklahoma, where the Native American reservations were located. |
| Quakers | People who hated war and believed in peace |
| Lawrie Tatum | The agent working with the Indians in Indian territory |
| Santanta | The most famous Kiowa chief who refused reservation life. |
| Lone Wolf | Another importat Kiowa cheif who did not accept reservation life |
| Ten bears | A comanche chief who also refused to accept reservation life |
| Quanah Parker | A very, very strong (and famous) Comanche chief who refused to accept reservation life |
| Victorio | A war chief of the apaches who was determined to resist life on reservation life |
| Kicking Bird | A chief who advised against war |
| Striking Eagle | Another chief, along with Kicking Bird, who accepted reservation life. |
| Horseback | A comanche chief who led his people onto reservations. |
| General William Tecumseh Sherman | Sent by the Army to investigate the matter of Native American raids |
| Jacksboro | Place where fort Richardson is located |
| Unsuccessful | Sherman became convinced the peace policy was |
| Big Tree and Satank | Two other Kiowa chiefs captured along with Satanta |
| Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie | Commander of the fourth calvary regiment |
| Paunch | Stomach |
| Sinew | Tendon |
| Charles Rath, John Mooar, and J. Wright Mooar | People who began the era of the buffalo hunt |
| The early 1870s | The slaughter of the buffalo herds began in |
| General Philip Sheridan | Commander of the U.S. Military Department of the Southwest, who helped to defeat the bill to protect the buffalo herds |
| Bill | A political proposition, normaly a law |
| Commisary | Storehouse |
| Adobe Walls | Camp of the buffalo hunters, which a large union of Native Americans, led by Quanah Parker, attacked |
| Red River Campaign | A capaign, led by the army, not government agents, to get rid of and defeat the Indians |
| Major John B. Jones | A veteran of Terry's Texas Rangers who led the fronteir battilion during the Red River Campaign |
| Battle of Palo Duro Canyon | The most decisive battle of the Red River Campaign |
| Kwahadies | The last remaining Comanche band who surrendered in June 1875 |
| Kickapoo | Raiders who were in Mexico, and who Mackenzie sometimes crossed the Rio Grande to go after |
| Victorio | A leader of the Apaches, who led the group who was located in the mountains of west Texas |
| Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson | One of the leaders of the war against Victorio |
| Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper | An African-American graduate of West Point, who was in the tenth calvary regiment |
| Buffalo Soldiers | A name given to African-American soldiers by the Native Americans |
| Renegades | Outlaws |
| Special Force | A unit commanded by Captain L.H. McNelly and active in the Rio Grande Valley |
| Juan N. Cortina | A "Robin-Hood" character who stood up for the rights of African-Americans against the Authorities |
| False | True of False: The rangers were able to capture Cortina |
| Victorio, 1880 | Fill in the blanks: ____'s defeat in ____ marked the end of all Indian wars in Texas |
| Open Range | Public land that could be used by anybody |
| Vaqueros | Cowhands |
| Rancheros | Ranchers |
| Richard King | A native new yorker who eventually established the ranch bearing his name |
| Mifflin Kennedy | Came with Richard King to Texas during the Mexican-American War |
| King Ranch | A ranch in south texas, near the Gulf of Mexico, established by Richard King |
| Tallow | Fat |
| Stockyards | Holding Pens |
| Drive | Move |
| Sedalia Trail | A trail that went north from Texas to Sedalia, Missouri where the railroad ended |
| Drovers | People who moved cattle |
| Joseph G. McCoy | A guy who established peace between the drovers and the missouri people. He pesuaded the railroads moving westward to build towns and everything neccesary to house drovers and their herds. He then persuaded the drovers to turn their herds farther westward, thus avoiding Missouri. |
| Chisholm Trail | The trail used by drovers to go to the railroads farther west, avoiding missouri, thanks to Joseph G. McCoy |
| Great Western Trail | The trail formed at Kerrville where the Matamortos trail from brownsville met the Old Trail from Castroville |
| Goodnight-loving trail | The trail formed by two people that moved cattle to the ranges of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. |
| Wrangler | Ranchhand |
| Charles Goodnight | One of the best known drovers who helped to found the Goodnight-Loving Trail |
| Quarantine | Forced isolation |
| Andy Adams | A cowboy who published The Log of a Cowboy |
| Charles Siringo | A cowboy who published A Texas Cowboy, or Fifteen Years on the Hurricane Deck of a Spanish Pony |
| Henrieta King | One of the people who expanded the King Ranch |
| Robert Kleberg | King's son-in-law who helped to expand the King Ranch |
| John Adair | Established the JA ranch |
| Molly Goodnight | She rescued and raised baby buffalo left to die by the buffalo hunters |
| Thomas Bugbee | Began herding cattle on the Canadian River in 1876 |
| Shoe Bar Ranch | Created by Thomas Bugbee |
| Matador | A ranch founded by H.H. Campbell |
| Matador Land and Cattle Company | Who the Matador ranch was bought by |
| XIT | The ranch that was in part financed by British Investors |
| Mustangs | The hardy wild horses of the western plains |
| George Wilkins Kendall | A newspaper reporter who set up a 5,000 acre ranch east of Boerne |
| J.F. Glidden | The most succesful inventor of barb wire |
| Mabel Day | Led the fight against those who stripped off the wires and broke the posts of newly built fences. |
| Felony | A serious crime |
| Hipolito Garcia | Owned Ranado Ranch |
| Daniel Webster "80 John" Wallace | An african-american who eventually owned his own ranch near Colorado city |
| "Bones" Hooks | An African-American cowhand in the panhandle |
| Bose Ikard | A skilled African-American cowhand who worked for Charles Goodnight |
| Elizabeth Johnson Williams | An expierienced woman rancher whose knoledge of cattle and cattle traiding was widely respected |
| Dona Maria del Carmen Calvillo | One of Texas' eariest woman ranchers. |
| Dry Farming | A method of farming that used a manner of farming that left loose soil on the top of the ground |
| Cotton | The most important crop in Texas was _____ |
| Proceso Martinez | A leader in buissines and agriculture who introduced cotton to the Rio Grande valley |
| Tenant Farmer | A person who works the land of a land owner for them, and does provide their own tools, seeds, etc. |
| Sharecropper | A person who works the land of a land owner for them, and does not provide their own tools, seeds, etc. |
| Constitution of 1876 | Constitution Texas government still uses today |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| George Ruby and Matt Gaines | African American senators who served under the administration of Davis |
| Norris Wright Cuney | The most indluential african american of his day; he was a republican |
| William "Gooseneck Bill" Mcdonald | Another African American party leader during the end of the 1800's |
| Santos Benavides | A mexican american mayor of laredo |
| Gregorio N. Garcia | A mexican american leader representing El Paso |
| Richard Hubbard | The Governor who succeded Coke, who, despite his efforts, increased the public debt to about $5.5 million |
| Governor Oran M. Roberts | The governor who succeded Coke, and balanced the public debt |
| Pensions | Wages paid after military service |
| Vigilantes | An executive group of volunteers who often cary out the law swiftly, but illegaly |
| Texas Rangers | Legal group who joined local officers in the fight against crime |
| Texas Equal Rights Association | In 1893 Rebecca Henry Hayes founded the ______ |
| Elisabet Ney | A noted European sculptor who immigrated to Texas in 1872 |
| Land Grant of 1876 | This authorized 16 sections of land to be given to a railroad company for every mile of track it laid |
| Refineries | Places that take oil in, and make it more pure and extract other types of oil from the crude oil |
| Trusts | Arrangments usually used to prevent other companies from selling the same thing |
| Monopoly | An exclusive control of a business |
| Free Enterprise | A system which allowed buissnesses to operate without government interference |
| Grange | An early orginization of farmers, called the Patrons of Husbandry. It sold thindgs to farmers at low prices |
| Farmer's Alliance | Another orginization that farmers joined as the grange lost influence |
| Texas People's Party | A new political party also known as the populist party that included some struggling farmers |
| J.B. Rayner | One of the more talented leaders of the People's Party |
| Antitrust Law | The law that prohibited trusts |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | Created by the congress in 1887 that set rules for the interstate railroads, such as price regulations. |
| Intrastate | Existing only within the boundaries of a given state |
| James S. Hogg | He, as state attorney general, had helped Texas become only the second state to pass an anti-trust law |
| Texas Railroad Commission | In 1891 the legislature established the ______, which set the rates and watched over railroad practices |
| Interstate | Expanding across two or more states |
| True | True or False? Reagen was well liked by both Texas citizens and railroad officials. |
| Galveston | City struck by a hurricane in 1900 |
| Women's health protective association | Organized after Galveston's hurricane to inspect and safegaurd cemeteries, streets, markets, dairies, schools, hospitals, and parks |
| Rabbi Henry Cohen | He greeted Jewish people fleeing from persecution in Russia and eastern Europe |
| Lyne T. Barret | Drilled the first oil well in Texas |
| Pattillo Higgins and Anthony Lucas | Remained optomistic and started drilling again, eventually finding spindeltop field |
| Spindletop Gusher | The amazing oil flow, which was estimated to be 100,000 barrels of oil per day until capped |
| Beaumont | A destination of oil prospectors who wanted to get rich |
| Goose Creek Oil Field | An oil field located closer to the coast and established in 1916 |
| Houston Ship Channel | After being deepened, this channel became very significant in the transportation of oil |
| Thomas Ball | Secured funds for the Houston Ship Channel |
| Derricks | High towers that held drilling equipment |
| Scrip | Company money |
| Conservationists | People concerned with preserving natural resources |
| W. Goodrich Jones | A conservationist who was part of the people who replanted pine trees |
| Retail | Sold directly to the consumer in small quantities |
| Neiman-Marcus department store | Established in Dallas in 1907 by Carrie Marcus Neiman, her husband A.L. Neiman, and her brother Herbert Marcus |
| Sears Roebuck | A Chicago mailorder company who was America's largest retailer |
| White-collar | Important city, which is nice |
| Progressive Movement | The attempts of reformers to solve problems |
| Progressivism | The attempt and desire to solve problems of cities and such |
| Commission | A form of government without one single mayor, but rather a group of people |
| Terrel Election Law | This ensures that elections will be carried out fairly |
| Primary Elections | A ____ is held by a party before a general election |
| Rebecca Henry Hayes | Organized the Texas Equal Rights association |
| Equal Suffrage League | Founded by the finnegan sisters in 1903 in Houston |
| Governor James Ferguson | Fought against woman suffrage, nut in the summer of 1913 he was charged with a variety of offenses (not related to woman suffrage) |
| William P. Hobby | Texas women won the right to vote from him by making a deal: if they are allowed to vote, then they will vote for him |
| Nineteenth Ammendment | The Ammendment to the constitution which gives Women the full right to vote |
| Woman's Christian Temperance | One of the groups that was most involved in trying to bring about the end of alcohol sails and close down the business that made alcoholic beverages |
| Texas Anti-Saloon League | Formed in 1907, this became another powerdul voice in the battle to outlaw drinking in the state |
| Eighteenth Ammendment | The Ammendment to the Constitution which made prohibition the law of the land throughout the United States |
| Norris Wright Cuney | An example of an African American appointed to a federal office by Republicans while they occupied the White House |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws discriminating against African Americans |
| Segregation | Racial and unfair seperation |
| Lynched | Hanged |
| Poll Tax | A fee for voting |
| Charles N. Love and W.E. King | Both of these people founded newspapers in 1893 to serve the African American community |
| NAACP | One of the orginizations created in order to work for racial equality. This one began in Houston in 1912. (Abbreviation) |
| Moses Austin-The father of Stephen F. Austin | Went to San Antonio- Was denied- Baron De Bastrop helped- approved- died. |
| Governor Antonio Martinez | The Governor that recommended Moses Austin for land in Texas- Originally Denied him Permission- Then gave it after BdB talked to him. |
| Baron de Bastrop | A friend of Austin's- man of influence- helped him gain approval. |
| Stephen F. Austin-Moses Austin's son | continue Moses' work- did so- Hardworking, loyal to Mexico, truthful, dealt successfully with authorities.- Hired the Lively- shipwreck- still became the most successful empresario. |
| Washington on the Brazos | Andrew Robinson's site of his ferry across the Brazos river- first settler in Austin's land. |
| Lively | the ship hired by Stephen F. Austin to bring supplies to his colony and settlers - shipwreck- badly needed supplies- colony survived, Lively Didn't. |
| Governor Luciano Garcia | The patron saint of Texas that San Felipe honors. |
| San Felipe de Austin | The capital of Austin's colony- honors Austin and San Felipe |
| Augustine de Iturbe | Overthrown Mexican emperor |
| Coahuila | A Spanish province- united with Texas- Coahuila y Tejas |
| Saltillo | the meeting place of the Coahuila y Tejas legislature- located in Coahuila |
| Bastrop | HQ for the new colony dubbed "The Little Colony" |
| Sterling C. Robertson | The owner of a portion of land that intersected with "the little colony" |
| Green DeWitt | nest to Austin, most successful empresario- Gonzales was his HQ. |
| Martin De Leon | A successful empresario- Native of Mex.-rancher- bring Mexican settlers in- Victoria = HQ. |
| Imperial Colonization Law | recog. Slavery- outlaw slave trading- broad enough that slavery was a fact of life. |
| Mary Austin Holley | Stephen F. Austin's cousin. |
| Depression | a time in which businesses suffer and people lose jobs |
| Surveyed- | measured |
| Empresario | a land agent whose job it was to bring new settlers into an area |
| Militia- | a temporary army unit |
| Federalists | people who believed in sharing power between the states and the national government |
| Centralists | -people who believed that power should be concentrated in the national government |
| Dowry | valuable goods brought in marriage. |
| Department | a large administrative unit |
| Decree | order |
| Exempt | excuse |
| Customs duties | -taxes on things made in foreign countries that are imported. |
| Commerce | -movement of goods |
| Imported | to bring into a country |
| Skirmish | fight |
| Resolutions- | formal statements |
| Cholera | A contaminated food- and water- borne disease. |
| Repeal | to do away with |
| Malaria | -A mosquito-borne, parasitic disease. |
| Dictator | a ruler with absolute power. |
| Haden Edwards | Empresario- Huge land area- Nacogdoches area- settlers with no deed- Jose Antonio Saucedo (Political chief) sympathized w/ settlers- no charging for new deeds. |
| Benjamin Edwards | DECLARE INDEPENDENCE!- allied with Richard fields(Cherokee chief) and prepared for action. |
| Republic of Fredonia | Independent republic created by Benjamin Edwards in rebellion- it collapsed |
| Fredonian Revolt | the name given to the rise and fall of the republic of Fredonia. |
| Jose de las piedras | Colonel sent from mexico to stop any rowdiness and make sure nothing big happened. |
| General Manuel de Mier y Teran | Mexican general- obxerved Anglos were strong- recommendations- Stop immigration. |
| Anthony Butler | Proposed that Mexicans sell Texas to the US. |
| Anahuac | The site of a small Mexican garrison. |
| John Bradburn | quarreled with Anahuac colonists—taking supplies and refusing to give up runaway slaves- Bradburnm arrested two lawyers- rebellion- colonists attack |
| William B Travis and Patrick C. Jack | Two lawyers arrested for obstruction n of justice (Not really) |
| Frank W. Johnson and William H. Jack | led a group of settlers from San Felipe |
| John Austin | led a warparty from Brazoria. Went back to Brazoria to procure a cannon. |
| Turtle Bayo resolutions | colonists declared loyalty to Mexico- support Santa Anna- not Bustamante. |
| Domingo de Ugartechea | Mexican commander at Velasco- skirmish with Settlers-Ugartechea surrenders- Sail on- Travis and Jack already freed. XD |
| William H. Wharton and Rafael Manchola | two people chosen to present the resolutions decided upon by the convention of 1832, but they never were... |
| Convention of 1833 | it adopted many of the same resolutions- also proposed constitution for the proposed Mexican state of Texas. Stephen F Austin, Erasmo Seguin, and Dr. james B Miller were chosen, but only Austin went in the end. |
| Saltillo | Stephen F. Austin was arreseted- Letter urging them to start their own government. |
| Ramon Musquiz | a political leader in San Antonio- Trusted friend of Stephen F. Austin's. |
| Colonel Juan Almonte | sent on inspection and tour of Texas- all was quietand urged that reforms continue- Austin should be released- IGNORED. |
| Antonio Tenorio | captain of the Anahuac garrison - quarreled with Andrew Briscoe - customs duties- arrest- uproar- Tenorio dethroned |
| General Martin Perfecto De Cos | heard of what happened to Tenorio- received letter of apology- too late.- Ordered arrest of Travis and Lorenzo de Zavala-caused great concern |
| The Consultation | convention held by Texan delegates- what to do. |
| Peace party | Group of people who favored a peaceful resolution. |
| War Party | group of people who favored an immediate resolution, even if it meant war. |
| Gonzales | "The Lexington of Texas"- similar circumstances- touch off revolution |
| Ugartechea | tried to seize a brass cannon- No!- fight. |
| Colonel John H. Moore | commander of the rebels at Gonzales |
| Army of the People | the Texans assembled at ghonzales |
| Consultation | Peace party wins- declaration |
| Henry Smith | Governor of Texas |
| James W. Robinson | Lieutenant governor |
| Sam Houston | commander of the regular army |
| Edward Burleson | commander of volunteer army |
| Grass Fight | the attack of a mule train thought to be carrying silver- it was actually carrying grass. |
| Ben Milam | empresario- capture Goliad |
| Frank W. Johnson | commander of the second column of Milam's army. |
| Seige of Bexar | the fthird day of the siege of San Antonio by the Texans- Milam killed- Cos surrenders December 9 |
| Captain Juan N. Seguin | supporter of TX independence- recruited volunteers from Mexican ranches- commanded scouting company |
| Jose Antonio Navarro and Jose Francisco Ruiz | the two native Texans at the Convention of 1836. |
| David G. Burnet | president of the ad interim government- formerly an empresario. |
| Committees of correspondence | -local groups that share political and military info |
| Siege | to set up a military blockade around |
| Provisional government | a temporary government |
| Municipialities | locally governed areas |
| Regular army | full time, paid army |
| Vetoed | reject |
| Overrode | -passed the proposal over |
| Petition | request something from |
| Executive | chief governing officer |
| Legislative | lawmaking |
| Judicial | court |
| Civil rights | -guaranteed freedoms |
| Ad interim | temporary |
| dictators | absolute rulers |
| Axis powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| neutral | not taking sides |
| Allies | England, China, France, Russia |
| Lend-Lease act | a 1941 program in which the U.S. loaned military equipment to the Allied powers |
| Pearl Harbor | the base in Hawaii that Japan attacked which forced the US. into World War II |
| "Dorie" Miller | an African American sailor that fired at Japan planes attacking Pearl Harbor |
| Admiral Chester W. Nimitz | the man who presented Millerwuth the Navy Cross |
| Dwight Eisenhower | commanded Alied forces in Europe |
| Audie Murphy | fought in nine batlle campaigns in North Africa and Europe. the most decorated soldier |
| Commander Samuel D. Dealy | the most decoratd man in the Navy |
| Macario Garcia | one of the 34 texans to recieve the Medal of honor |
| Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby | organized WAC |
| Katherine Luna | director of Women's recruitment for WAVES |
| Marguerette Stuart | one of the two first commisioned officers for WAVES |
| Antonette Bracher | one of the two first commisioned officers for WAVES |
| ration boards | groups of people (during wartime) who determined how essential goods would be alloted |
| Freeport | place where a huge plant that removed magnesium from seawater was built |
| smelter | processing plant |
| Texas City | the home of the largest tin smelter in the world |
| Olivia Rawlston | the president of an International Ladies Garments Workers |
| FEPC | (Fair Employment Practices Comitee) reduced discrimination in war industries to increase production |
| concentration camps | camps established to advance the killing in Germany of the Jews |
| Holocaust | th killing of millions of Jews in an effort to wipe out that race |
| consumer goods | goods consumed by the public |
| mechanized | equipped with machinery |
| civil rights | rights guaranteed by the U.S. constitution |
| Felix Longoria | person that died in the Philippines while serving his country |
| Dr. Hector P. Garcia | created the American GI Forum |
| American GI Forum | worked in the fight for equal rights |
| NAACP | (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) worked for the rights of colored people |
| Smith vs. Allwright | declared that an all-white primary was unconstitutional |
| Sweatt vs. Painter | a major victory for the NAACPin getting black people rights |
| Hemam M. Sweatt | an African American who lived in Houston and worked for the post office. rejected from UT law school because of his race |
| Christia Adair | led Houston in getting "whites only" signs removed from the airport |
| GI Bill of Rights | a law that paid veterans to go to college |
| baby boom | a time after World War II where there were barely enough nurses to deliver the babies |
| Armies of occupation | armies left after the war to make sure they didn't rebel |
| Communist | adhering to communism, a theory that eliminates private property |
| Cold War | period after the war where the U.S. and U.S.S.R. built weapons to make sure the other woudn't attack. it heated up when communist North Korea attacked South Korea |
| liberal | Democrats that remained loyal to the New Deal programs |
| concervative | Democrats that believed that governent assistance weakened the ability of people to do things for themselves |
| moderate | Democrats neither liberal or concervative. |
| sovereignty | right to rule |
| redistricting | the process of redrawing district lines according to population |
| unconstitutional | not legal |
| McCarthyism | the act of of making unfounded, sensationalist cahrges against persons |
| libel | the act of printing statements known to be false and intentionally sprading them to do damage to someone's reputation |
| Vice President Harry Truman | Made president after Farklin Roosevelt's death |
| Storm Thurmond | South Carolinian that ran against Harry Truman, he recieved 10% of Texas' votes. |
| Texas Govorner Allan Shivers | believed that government assistance weakened the ability of people to do things for themselves |
| Korean War | began in 1950, had not produced a decicive victory for the United States. When North Korea tried to make South Korea Communist. |
| General Douglas MacArthur | fired by President Truman after he publicly disagreed with Truman's strategies. |
| Legislation Council | Allan Shiver helped to create the _____ _____, to research proposed laws. |
| Legislative Budget Board | Allan Shivers established _______ to makerecommendations on how much money diferent state agencies should receive. |
| Sam Rayburn | served as the speaker of the House for all but 4 years between 1940 and 1961 |
| Lyndon Johnson | was selected as majority leader of the Senate in 1955. He ran for the Democratic Party nomination for president in 1960, but lost to JFK |
| John F. Kennedy | Won the presidenct over Lyndon Johnson and was Roman Catholic |
| John Tower | Republican canidadte for the replacement of LBJ's senate seat... He won |
| Lee Harvey Oswald | The man suspected to be the assassin of JFK... but he was probably not alone because of the Zeprudder film which showed that Jfk's fatal shot to the head caused him to move back and to the left, which would be impossible because if Lee Oswlad was behind the president if he was the assassin, JFK's fatal shot would cause him to move forward... Also, it is impossible for a man to reload a gun and aim as fast as he supposibly did, and there is much proof that there were multiple assassins from pictures. One was behind a fence (probably the fatal shot shooter) and many more on the grassy knoll, and even in a prision. I could go on, but i dont want to overload the whole website. |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas | argument case that schools that were segregated by race could never be equal |
| NAACP | brought the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case to court |
| Mansfield | was the site with the most visable resistance to desegregation |
| red scare | When everyone was afraid everyone was communist |
| convoy | a group of vehicles |
| suburb | at the outskits of cities or large towns |
| reservoir | open water storage areas |
| sythetic | human-made |
| vacuum tube | what radios a t.v.s depend on |
| transistor | A Part of an elecrical circuit that made the shrinkage of ic's possible. It used the application of a smaller voltage to the gate to regulate the flow of a much larger current. It is extremely important in basically all electronics |
| integrated silcon circuit | A small circuit that is mostly silicon, a semiconductor. also called a "chip" |
| U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | built more dams across Texas Rivers |
| Doctors Micahel DeBakey and Denton Cooley | people pioneering new techniques in treating heart disease |
| Texas Intruments | first company to make a radio with transistors |
| Jack Kilby | working for Texas Instruments, invented the integrated silicon circuit |
| Sputnik | the first artificial satellite |
| NASA | Appointed to put a man on the moon before 1970 |
| Sarah T. Hughes | administered the oath of office to Lyndon B.Johnson |
| Great Society | Franklin Roosevelt's new deal program goal |
| "war on poverty" | the idea of Framklin Roosevelt's New Deal Programs |
| prosperous | marked by success or economic well-being |
| Elementary and Secondary Education Act | improved education for all |
| Head Start and Job Corps | created federal aid for college students |
| Civil Rights act of 1967 | helped civil rights for colored people |
| Voting Rights Act | helped get voting rights for colored people |
| Vietnam | country in Southeast Asia that was divided and North attacked South like in Korea |
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | a leader in civil rights struggle, assasinated on April 4 19 |
| Robert Kenedy | assasinated June 5 1968 |
| Richard Nixon | president after JFK, republican |
| Hubert Humphrey | democratic representative supported by Texas |
| "Watergate" | the breakin at Democratic HQ in which president Nixon was a part of the cover up, and why he was forced to resign |
| Jack Brooks | served on the Judiciary Comittee that investigated president Nixon |
| Barbara Jordan | served on the Judiciary Comittee that investigated president Nixon |
| refugees | persons who flee for safety, especially to a foreign country |
| James Farmer | a leader in the struggle for equality who took after Mohandes Ghandi |
| Congress of Racial Equality | (CORE) founded by James Farmer and dedicated to the idea of a peaceceful change |
| boycotts | people who would protest by refusing to use a certain product or service |
| sit-ins | peopple physically sat down inside or in front of businesses or offices |
| freedom rides | took integrated buses through segregated areas of the South to draw attention to civil rights |
| Henry B. Gonzalez | first mexican american to serve in the state senate in modern times |
| Governor John Connally | made many mexican american workers unhappy by not giving them what they wanted. namely a below average factory |
| MAYO | (Mexican american youth organization) founded by Jose Angel Gutierrez, and embraced mexican american heritage |
| RUP | (la Raza Unida Party) a non-important political party that has had one president |
| MALDEF | (Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund) it tried to end discriminatory practices through lawsuits |
| Diego Rivera and Clemente Orozco | Mexican artists that inspired other Mexican American artists |
| Manuel Acosta | an artist inspired by Diego Rivera |
| Hattie Mae White | the first african american to serve on the Houston School Board |
| Frances "Sissy" Farenthold | on eof the only two women in the state house in 1969 |
| keynote address | a speech that presents the main issue of interest to an audience and often inspires unit and enthusiasm |
| productivity | the production of goods |
| feedlots | large outdoor facilities used for fattening cows |
| boom and bust cycles | periodicals times of great sales followed by times of bad sales |
| Air Control Board | a group of people used to reduce the amount of pollution in the air |
| cartel | an association used to stop the monopolies from charging too much by setting the price on certain items |
| OPEC | (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) a cartel for petroleum |
| Harris County Domed Stadium Stadium | (astrodome) built from 1963-1964, the first enclosed, domed, air-conditioned, multipurpose sports stadiu in the world |
| interdependence | the act of two or more groups relying on each other for support |
| Heisfair '68 | the first officially designated international exposition to be held in the southwestern U.S. |
| Institute of Texan Cultures | the most important building in the Hemisfair '68; Texan world building came to appreciate the rich ethnic diversity of Texas in this building |
| urban dwellers | those who live in cities |
| William Clements | the first Republican governor of Texas since the reconstruction |
| Ann Richards | held the office of state treasurer until 1991, when she became governor |
| Sheila Jackson Lee and Eddie Bernice Johnson | African Americans who represented Texas in the US House of Representatives |
| Kay Bailey Hutchison | elected to the US Senate in 1993, 19994, and 2000 |
| Kay Granger | the first republican woman to be elected to the House from Texas |
| Kathy Whitmire | the Mayor of Houston from 1982 to 1992 |
| Annette Strauss | Dallas Mayor in 1987 |
| Suzie Azar | the mayor of El Paso in the late 1980s |
| Henry Cisneros | served in Clinton's cabinet as secretary of housing and urban development |
| cabinet | group of top political advisors |
| Barbara Jordan | first African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives and the state senate in 1973 until 1979. She retired to austin and became a professor at the LBJ sschool of public affairs. SHe was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994 and had an airport terminal in Austin named after her. |
| Mickey Leland | took Jordan's place in Congress. He worked to fight world hunger but was killed in a plane crash and had a terminal named in his honor in Houston. |
| GEORGE W BUSH (OMGWTFBBQ) | elected president inn 2000 and again in 2004 |
| Jim Wright | speaker of the House of Representatives. |
| Eligio de la Garza | chairman of a powerful committee in the House of representatives |
| Phil Gramm | Democratic memeber of the House of Representatives, co authored Prewsident Reagans economic program, and was Removed from his seat on the house budget committee |
| bill | a proposed law |
| US Senator Llyod Bentsen | served as secretary of the Treasury department in the early 1900s |
| Karnack | Where Pershing ballistic missiles were assembled and disassembled. |
| Pantex Plant | near Amarillo, nuclear weapons were decommissioned here |
| deactivation | disassembly and removal of radioactive materials |
| Bergstrom Air Force Base | an airbase converted into a badly needed city airport in Austin |
| maquiladoras | factories near the border that use Mexican Labor and US materials |
| appropriated | officially set aside |
| NAFTA | opened up borders for trade between Mexico, the US, and Canada. |
| OPEC | a group of middle eastern countries that formed an oil cartel to control oil prices. |
| mortgages | loans used to buy property |
| Desert Storm | the US invasion of Iraq to stop the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Also called the Gulf War |
| Fort Hood | a major staging area for the GUlf War |
| H. Ross Perot | a successful business man who was head of a commission to study the schools of Texas |
| Jovita Gonzlaes de Mireles and E.E. Mireles | wrote bilingual textbooks and promoted them in Corpus Christi schools |
| Bilingual Education | supports students who speak another language other than English as a native language |
| TAAS, TAKS | end of the year exams to asses whether a student has learned a sufficient amount during the year |
| Mark White | the governor of Texas from 1983 to 1998 |
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