| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Clovis | King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy |
| Charlemagne | built empire from France, Germany, and part of Italy; crowned as head of Rome on Christmas day by Pope Leo III; spread christianity |
| Charles Martel | gathered many Frankish warriors to fight in the battle of Tours where they won against Muslims |
| Abbot Berno | revived Benedictine rule; didn't allow nobles to interfere with monastery affairs |
| Francis of Assisi | set up Franciscan order that preached poverty, humilitly and love of God; worked with poor |
| St. Dominic | set up Dominican order that did not work with poor |
| Benedict | drew up a set of rules to regulate monastic life. 3 vows-- obedience, poverty, and chastity |
| Hildegard | composed religious music; wrote many books; had visions so poeple sought her advice |
| Bede | wrote earliest known history of England and used BC and AD dates |
| William the Conqueror | Defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings; made Domesday Book |
| Henry II | founder of common law and jury system; his 4 knights murdered Thomas Becket |
| Eleanor | we read a book about her! |
| King John | 3 powerful enemies: King Philip II, Pope Innocent III, and own English nobles; batlled with Pop Innocent of the archbishop of Canterbury; excommunicated; placed under interdict; signed magna carta |
| Edward I | developed parliament |
| Hugh Capet | put to throne because of his weakness; made throne hereditary; Capetians had an unbroken succession for 300 years; effective beauracracy |
| Philip II | Granted charters, organized army, introduced a new national tax; Quadrupled royal land; |
| Louis X | most admired French ruler; declared a saint; led 2 wars against muslims; ended serfdom |
| Philip IV | wanted to tax the clergy... clash with pope boniface III; set up estates general |
| Otto I | king of Germany; like charlemagne; succesors were called Holy Roman Empire |
| Pope Gregory VII | no nuetral view; aroused most hatred and contempt; banned lay investiture |
| Henry IV | wanted to give bishops their symbols of office; excommunicated by Gregory and begged outside in the Alps for 3 days |
| Pope Urban II | Sent soldiers to fight Turks, Council of Clermont, called for crusade to free Holy Land, all to increase his power and heal split between Byzantine emperors and Roman popes. |
| Saladin | Ruler of Muslim forces attacking Holy Land. 1187 Jerusalem captured by him. Reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims. |
| Isabella and Ferdinand | Took Granada from Muslims (last city to be taken) which opened way to create unified Spain, against feudal nobles, crusaded against Jews and Muslims was backed by the inquisition, created unified Spain |
| Thomas Aquinas | Wrote Summa Technologica, scholastic |
| Christine de Pizan | Married at 15, husband died, living as writer, wrote City of Ladies |
| Dante | Wrote Divine Comedy |
| Chaucer | Wrote Canterbury Tales |
| Justinian | created "new rome"; best known for his law reforms--400 years of codified Roman law; built Hagia Sophia |
| Theodora | J's wife, co ruler and adviser; cared for poor and homeless; nika rebellion leader |
| Alexius I | asked Pope Urban II for help to fight Seljuks because they had closed the way to Jerusalemq |
| Procopius | wrote the "Secret History"-- criticizes Justinian and Theodora; biased |
| Anna Comnena | 1st important femal historian; wrote "Alexiad" that analyzed reign of her dad, Alexius I; not as biased |
| Cyril and Methodius | missionaries that translated the Greek bible to the Cryllic bible |
| Olga | converted to Byzantine Christianity but didn't spread it |
| Vladimir | spread Byz Christianity |
| Yaroslav | golden age; issued written law code, translated Greek to his own language; arranged marriages |
| Ivan III | Ivan the Great; built framework for absolute rule; limited power of boyars; double headed eagle; took title of Czar; adopted Byz. court rituals |
| Ivan IV | grandson of Ivan III; brought feudalism into Russia; trusted on one--killed son; organized "oprichniki" |
| Michael Romanov | dynasty ended in 1917 |
| Jadwiga | greatest age in Poland; married Duke Wladyslav and together controlled largest state in Europe; supported university at Cracow |
| Jan Sobieski | broke Ottoman siege of Vienna |
| Stefan Dusan | height of Serbia; encouraged byz. culture and made a code of laws |
| Muhammad | prophet of islam, born in mecca; married Khadija; vision...hifra...defeat of mecca...destroyed idols at Kaaba |
| Abu Bakr | first caliph |
| Ibn Rusd | put knowledge to the test of reason |
| Ibn Kahldun | standards for history; warned of bias, exaggeration, and overconfidence |
| Al- Khwarizmi | father of algebra; greatest muslim mathmetician |
| al-razi | physician; wrote books on meds; child prodigy; small pox; measles; challenged med practices |
| Ibn Sina | persian doc that wrote "Canon on Medicine" |
| Ibn Battuta | traveled 75,000 miles and his dictated account still exists |
| Tamerlame | led armies in middle east; very victorious; adopted islam; took over ME |
| Babur | military genious; poet |
| Akbar | Babur's grandson, chief builder of Mughal, tolerated hindus, modernized army, encouraged trade, standardized weights and measures |
| Nur Jahan | wife of Jahangir |
| Shah Jahan | son of Jahangir and Nur Jahan... made the Taj Mahal |
| Muhammad II | captured Constantinople; caused fall of Byz empire |
| Sulieman | lawgiver/modernized army and conquered many lands, claimed to be the caliph and rightful heir to Abassids |
| Abbas the Great | model ruler, "new persia", centralized gov't, improved economy, tolerated religions, created Isfahn--center of international silk trade |
| Askia Muhammad | Made Songhai islamic, set up Islamic Dynasty, improved government, expanded songhai bureaucracy |
| Sundiata | the one son of Mandinka that survived, founded Mali |
| Lalibela | The king that supervised the building of churches built into sides of mountains |
| Mansa Musa | Greatest mansa of Mali, made the hajj, expanded Mali to north and west, ruled for 25 years |
| Sonni Ali | formed the largest weste african state of songhai |
| genghiz khan | united mongol tribes, name means world emperor, wanted revenge for father's death at 12 years old, aka temujin |
| kublai khan | gk's grandson, conquered last song emperor, began yuan dynasty ruling from cambulac, rebuilt and extended great canal |
| marco polo | a traveling merchant who spent 17 years in kk's service, wrote a book about his travels while in prison |
| murasaki shikibu | wrote the worlds first full length novel "the tale of gengi" |
| sejong | most clebrated ruler of korea, created hangul |
| tokugawa ieyasa | began tokugawa dynasty and ended feudal warfare, centralized gov't |
| yoritomo minamoto | set up the kamakura shogunate and was the first shogun |
| zheng he | man who led 7 expeditions to promote trade with china and collect tribute |
| adena | mound builders from ohio, built the Great Serpent Mound, did not bury the dead in their mounds |
| anasazi | put trash nest to pueblo bonito which led to disease, was the largest people group in america until the 19th century, known as the "ancient ones", had small teeth, overall died out because of drought |
| hopewell | moundbuilders from ohio, known as artists the hand and the eye, buried the best art in mounds |
| hohokam | huge irrigation systems, aka vanished ones, died out from drought, farmers, lived in pithouses, ball courts |
| olmecs | priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion |
| mayas | built skyscrapers of pyramid form used for sacrifice/burials, slash and burn farming, aqueducts, priests/nobles/lesser priests/ commodors, hieroglyphis, concept of 0, accurate calendar, venus calendar |
| Aztecs | came from caves. hierarchy: priests in separated class/ruler/nobles/warriors/ farmers and commoners (majority)/ slaves. warrior society, sacrificed prisoners for sun god, accurate calendar, set bones, treated cavities, steam baths, meds, spanish brought disease=decline |
| Frances Bacon | rejected Aristotle's scientific assumptions, stressed experimentation/observation, wanted to make science life better by practical techno., argued that truth isn't known at the beginning of an inquiry but is at the end |
| Rene Descartes | father of modern philosophy, wrote Discorse on Method, said "i think therefore i am" |
| Robert Boyle | Father of Chemistry, his work opened the way to modern chemical analysis of matter, Irish |
| Isaac Newton | laws of motion, built foundation of calculus, took him 20 years to perfect the theory of gravity |
| Ambroise Pare | french physician, made a new/more effective ointment for infections, stiches, amputations |
| Andreas Vesalius | published "On the Stucture of the Human Body" |
| William Harvey | English scholar, described the circulation of blood for the 1st time, showed how the heart serves as a pump for blood |
| Copernicus | polish scholar, wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres", proposed a heliocentric theory |
| Galileo | Italion, assemble a telescope, was tried before the inquisition, recant his support of copernicus, said "it does move" at the end |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer, set up an astronomical observatory, nose thing |
| Johannes Kepler | brilliant astronomer of Germany and mathmetician, calculated the orbits of the planets, showed that each planet moved in an ellipse |
| Erasmus | a writer of the northern Renaissance, mainly wrote in latin, made a new Greek edition of the New Testament, called for a translation of the bible to vernacular, wrote the Praise of Folly, |
| Johann Gutenberg | printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the 1st printing press and printing inks in the West |
| Sir Thomas More | Erasmus's friend, pressed for social reform, socialistic view, no private property, "Utopia" |
| Rabelais | French humanist, "Gargantua and Pantagruel" ia about the adventures of 2 giants, comic on outside, serious on inside. |
| William Shakespeare | English playwright, 37 plays, enriched the English language by using more than 1700 new words |
| Cervantes | wrote "Don Quixote" brings chivalry to an end |
| Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" tells how to maintain/gain power, says that the end justifies the means, results was more important than keeping promises, Machiavellian person is not bound by moral considerations in gaining a goal |
| Baldassare Castigilione | wrote "the Book of Courtier" describes manners/skills/learning/virtues a court member needs. said outer beauty is the true sign of inner goodness |
| Fra Angelico | Friar who painted many angels, made 2 paintings call THE ANNUCIATION and one called RHE ANCIATORY ANGEL. |
| Sofonisba Anguissola | The Chess fame and Portrait of Queen Elizabeth which is the most copied painting in Spain. Chess game of three sisters and maid. |
| Sandro Botticelli | Birth of Venus, The Adoration of the Magi, Mars and Venus, and the Allegory of Spring. He is in the Adoration of the Magi. |
| Pieter Bruegel | The Tower o Babel, The Triump of Death, and Children's Games. In Miss Pruet's picture book. |
| Filippo Brunelleschi | Architect that made the dome in Florence |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Mona Lisa and the last supper, have to use microscope to see brushstrokes. Invented airplanes, cars, and tanks way before they were really invented |
| Albrecht Durer | 4 horsemen of the Apocalpse, 2 self portraits, wing of a Roller |
| Donatello | Born in Florence, St. george and Gattameleta (first full size horse and rider since ancient times) statues. |
| Lorenzo Ghiberti | gates of paradise"- North and east baptistery doors on San Giovanni, Solomon and the queen of sheba. He was respected byMichelangelo |
| Michelangelo | Sistine Chapel and the last Judgement. Didn't think he was a good painter but preferred sculpting |
| Raphael | Sistine Madonna and School of Athens. Respected Michelangelo |
| Pieter Paul Rubens | Old Woman with Basket of Coal and Landscape with a Rainbow |
| Hubert Van Eyck | Brother of Jan Van Eyck, The three Mary's at the tomb |
| Jan Van Eyck | Arnolfini wedding Portrait, Brother of Hubert Van Eyck |
| Titian | Bacchus and Adrian and the Flaying of Marsyas |
| Cosimo de Medici | Gained control of Florence and lead the Medici's uncrowned rule for years to come. |
| Lorenzo de Medici | Generous patron of the arts |
| Petrarch | Through his efforts of making libraries of Greek and Roman lit. in monasteries, the westerners now have access to those ancient documents. |
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