Chapter 17 part C
Order by
132 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1. ___ is a large, butterfly shaped gland | thyroid |
| 2. ___ is located below the larynx | thyroid |
| 3. Thyroid produces what 2 hormones | thyroid hormone, calcitonin |
| 4. Thyroid gland is composed of spherical sacs called ____ | thyroid follicles |
| 5. ___ fills the lumen of the follicles and is the producer of thyroid hormone | colloid |
| 6. Colloid produces ___ | thyroid hormone |
| 7. Wall of each follicle of the thyroid gland contains ___ | follicular cells |
| 8. Between wall of thyroid gland are____ cells | parafollicular |
| 9. Parafollicular cells produce____ | calcitonin |
| 10. Follicular cells produce ___ and ____ | T4, T3 |
| 11. What thyroid hormone is the most active form and works on the must # of cells | T3 |
| 12. TH is concerned with ___ | glucose oxidation, increase in metabolic rate, heat production |
| 13. TH plays a role in what 4 things | Maintaining blood pressure, Regulating tissue growth, Developing skeletal and nervous systems, Maturation and reproductive capabilities |
| 14. ___ plays a role in Maintaining blood pressure, Regulating tissue growth, Developing skeletal and nervous systems, Maturation and reproductive capabilities | TH |
| 15. TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus acts on the ___ | anterior pituitary gland |
| 16. Anterior pituitary gland secrets ___ | TSH |
| 17. TSH acts on ____ to secrete ____hormone | thyroid gland to secret thyroid hormone |
| 18. ____from the hypothalamus acts on anterior pituitary gland | TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) |
| 19. ____secrets TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) | Anterior pituitary gland |
| 20. ___acts on thyroid gland to secret thyroid hormone | TSH |
| 21. ______A hormone produced by the parafollicular, or C, cells | calcitonin |
| 22. Calcitonin is produced by the ___ aka ____ cells | C cells |
| 23. The parafollicular cells respond ___to by secreting calcitonin | rising levels of blood/calcium |
| 24. The parafollicular cells respond to rising levels of blood/calcium by secreting___ | calcitonin |
| 26. ___sense rising levels of blood calcium | Parafollicular cells |
| 27. _____promotes calcium deposition and bone formation | calcitonin |
| 28. ____ Lowers blood calcium levels | calcitonin |
| 29. ___ is a Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH) | calcitonin |
| 30. ____Inhibits osteoclast activity (and thus bone resorption) and release of calcium from the bone matrix | calcitonin |
| 31. ____ Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix | calcitonin |
| 32. Calcitonin is a ____ feedback mechanism | negative |
| 33. ___DECREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS | calcitonin |
| 34. ____ are Small round masses of glandular tissue, partially embedded in the thyroid | parathyroid gland |
| 35. Parathyroid gland Release _____ | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
| 36. ___ is Composed of oxyphil and chief cells | parathyroid gland |
| 37. Chief (principal) cells secrete ___ | PTH |
| 38. PTH (parathyroid hormone) regulates___ | calcium balance in the blood |
| 39. ____ regulates calcium balance in the blood | PTH |
| 40. ___ INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS | PTH |
| 42. Rising Ca2+ in the blood stops ____ release | PTH |
| 43. Rising ___in the blood stops PTH release | Calcium |
| 44. ____ is Synthesized by kidneys in response to PTH | Calcitriol |
| 45. Calcitriol is produced by ___ in response to ___ | kidneys, PTH |
| 46. ____ is an Active form of Vitamin D | Calcitriol |
| 47. ____Increase the rate of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption in the GI tract | Calcitriol |
| 48. Calcitriol increases the rate of what 3 things in the GI tract | calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption |
| 49. ____ paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys | Adrenal glands |
| 50. What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland | Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex |
| 51. ____neural tissue that acts as part of the SNS | Adrenal medulla |
| 52. ____ glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm | Adrenal cortex |
| 53. _____ Produces 25 steroids called corticosteroids | adrenal cortex hormones |
| 54. What are the 25 steroids collectively called that the adrenal cortex produces | corticosteroids |
| 55. What does the Outer zone (zona glomerulosa) secretes | Mineral corticoids |
| 56. What does the Middle zone (zona fasciculata) secretes | Glucocorticoids, Androgens |
| 57. What does the Inner zone (zona reticularis) secretes | Androgens, Glucocorticoids |
| 58. ____ Regulate electrolytes in extracellular fluids | mineralocorticoids |
| 59. Mineralocorticoids regulate _____ | electrolytes |
| 60. ____ Acts on cells of kidneys | mineralcorticordiods |
| 61. Mineralocorticoids act on cells of the ____ | kidneys |
| 62. ___most important mineralocorticoid | Aldosterone |
| 63. ____ Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium from the body, Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys, Water retained with sodium by osmosis | aldosterone |
| 64. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by what 3 things | Rising blood levels of K, Low blood Na, Decreasing blood volume or pressure |
| 65. _____Help the body resist stress | glucocorticoids |
| 66. Glucocorticoids help the body reduce stress by___ and ___ | Keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant, And provide building blocks for repair or making enzymes needed in metabolic processes |
| 67. ____ is the (most potent; aka hydrocortisone) | Cortisol |
| 68. Cortisol provokes energy metabolism via what 3 things | Breaks down protein and fat, forms glucose from noncarbohydrates, Stimulates release of glucose ,fatty acids, and amino acids into blood |
| 69. ____ Inhibits release of inflammatory chemicals | glucocorticoids |
| 70. ADRENAL GLANDS PRODUCES THIS | gonadocorticoids |
| 71. Most gonadocorticoids secreted are ____ | androgens |
| 72. The most important androgens is | DHEA |
| 73. ____ is Secreted in large amounts in prenatal development of male fetus | DHEA |
| 74. ___ is converted into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone | DHEA |
| 75. Androgens contribute to what 3 things (in both sexes) | onset of puberty, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive |
| 76. _____ is the main estrogen | Estradiol |
| ____ is Only significant after menopause | estradiol |
| 77. ___ and ___promotes adolescent skeletal growth and help sustain adult bone mass | Androgens and estrogens |
| 78. ____ has a Dual role: endocrine gland and sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla |
| 79. Adrenal medulla is Made up of___ that are targets of sympathetic nerve fibers | chromaffin cells (neuroendocrine) |
| 80. Secretion of these Norepinephrine and epinephrine hormones causes | Blood glucose levels to rise, blood vessels to constrict |
| 81. What 2 processes cause glucose levels to rise | Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
| 82. The adrenal medulla causes ____ | Blood vessels to constrict |
| 83. ___ and ___Increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| 84. ___ and ___ Decreases digestion and urine production | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| 85. ____ is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart | Epinephrine |
| 86. ___is more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure | Norepinephrine |
| 87. ____ is an elongated gland, located below and behind stomach | pancreas |
| 88. Pancreas has what kind of cells | both exocrine and endocrine cells |
| 89. ____ produce hormones | Pancreatic islets |
| 90. The pancreatic islets contain what two major cell types | alpha and beta |
| 91. Alpha (a) cells that produce____ | glucagon |
| 92. Beta (b) cells that produce____ | insulin |
| 93. Alpha and beta hormones regulate____ | glycaemia |
| 94. What is glycaemia | blood glucose concentration |
| 95. ____ (raises blood glucose levels) | glucagon |
| 96. ____ major target is the liver | glucagon |
| 97. Glucagon's major target is the ___ | liver |
| 98. In the liver glucagon promote what 3 things | Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to blood from liver |
| 99. ____ is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose | Glycogenolysis |
| 100. ____ is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates | Gluconeogenesis |
| 101. In adipose tissue, ____stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids | glucagon |
| 102. ____ is Also released in response to rising amino acid levels in blood | glucagon |
| 103. ____ promotes amino acid absorption providing cells with raw material for gluconeogenesis | glucagon |
| 104. ____ SECRETED LONG AFTER MEAL | glucagon |
| 105. ____ is A amino-acid based hormone | insulin |
| 106. __ Secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising | insulin |
| 107. ____Stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels | insulin |
| 109. Insufficiency or inaction of ____is cause of diabetes mellitus | insulin |
| 110. ____RELEASED DURING MEAL AND RIGHT AFTER | insulin |
| 111. _____ are Paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity secrete eggs (exocrine) and hormones estradiol, progesterone, and insulin (endocrine) | gonads |
| 112. gonads are responsible for what 6 things | Adolescent growth; Maturation of the reproductive organs; Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; Regulates cyclic changes; Regulates pregnancy; Prepares mammary glands for lactation |
| 113. Testes located in an extra-abdominal sac called | (scrotum) |
| 114. ____ Consists mainly of seminiferous tubules produce sperm (exocrine) and testosterone (and other androgens) [endocrine] | testes |
| 115. Testosterone does what 4 things | Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs; Causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive; sperm production; Maintains sex organs in their functional state |
| 116. ____ Small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain | pineal gland |
| 117. ____May synchronize physiological function with 24-hour circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness | pineal gland |
| 118. the pineal gland Synthesizes____ | melatonin |
| 119. ____May regulate timing of puberty in humans | pineal gland |
| 120. ____ is a Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum | thymus |
| 121. ____Plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic, immune | thymus |
| 122. ____ is Site of maturation of T cells (immune defense) | thymus |
| 123. The thymus is site of maturation of ____ | T cells |
| 124. T cells serve as ___ | immune defense |
| 125. Major hormonal products of the thymus are___ and ___ | thymopoietins and thymosins |
| 126. thymopoietins and thymosinschormones are essential for the development of other____ and ____ | lymphatic organs and (T cells) |
| 127. ____ produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration | heart |
| 128. ____enteroendocrine cells release local-acting digestive hormones | GI tract |
| 129. _____ releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy | Placenta |
| 130. ____secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells | kidneys |
| 131. ____produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D | Skin |
| 132. ___ releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure | Adipose tissue |
| 133. ____ protects from over eating | adipose tissue |
| 134. What are 6 other hormone producing structures | heart, GI tract, placenta, kidney, skin, adipose tissue |
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