EMT-P A+P Ch 15 - 20
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Created by:
reeserecon on January 27, 2012
Description:
respiratory, urinary, PH balance, digestion, reproductive, labor and delivery
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375 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 bicarbonate ions | these are related to carbonic acid, they are formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanisms |
| bronchial tree | consists of the branched airways leading from the trachea to the alveoli |
| carbaminohemoglobin | the bonding of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin |
| carbonic anhydrase | an enzyme in RBCs that speeds reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid |
| expiratory reserve volume | supplemental air; additional air that is expelled due to forced exhalation |
| functional residual capacity | expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume |
| hemoglobin | the iron containing protein in RBCs |
| goblet cells | simple columnar epithelium that secretes mucus |
| inspiratory capacity | tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume |
| inspiratory reserve volume | additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration |
| medullary respiratory center | the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups as well as the respiratory group of the pons |
| oxyhemoglobin | the combination of oxygen that dissolves in blood and the iron atoms of hemoglobin |
| paranasal sinuses | air filled spaces inside the skull bones that open into the nasal cavity, they affect the quality of the voice |
| partial pressure | the amount of pressure each gas contributes to diffusion |
| residual volume | the amount of air that remains in the lungs regardless of the level of expiration |
| respiratory capacities | the combination of two or more respiratory volumes |
| respiratory membrane | layers of an alveolus that seperate air from blood in a capillary, it is where the blood and alveolar exchange gases |
| resting tidal volume | the amount of air that leaves the lungs during a normal resting expiration |
| surface tension | an effect that makes if difficult for the alveoli to inflate; caused by attraction of water molecules |
| surfactant | a mix of lipids and proteins sythesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation |
| tidal volume | the amount of air that enters and leaves during a single respiratory cycle |
| total lung capacity | vital capacity plus residual volume |
| vital capacity | inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume |
| primary bronchi, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchi | the three levels of the branched airways from the trachea to the alveoli, superior to inferior |
| external nares | the openings of the nostrils |
| bicarbonate ions | most of the CO2 in the blood is transported as |
| larynx | the vocal folds are located in the |
| the volume of the throax increases | when the external intercostal muscles and diaphram contract__________ |
| carbon dioxide | the most important chemical regulator of respiration is |
| pulmonary ventilation decreases | in the respiratory system, when we age what happens |
| 20 | how many tracheal cartilages do humans have |
| nitrogen | ordinary air consists mostly of |
| 1200 ml | the residual volume of the lungs equals |
| 98% and the rest disolves into the plasma | how much of the oxygen transported by the blood binds to hemoglobin and what happens to the rest |
| phrenic nerve | which nerve impulses stimulate the diaphram to contract ? |
| acid base buffer system | chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases |
| acids | electrolytes that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions |
| bases | electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions |
| electrolyte balance | when the quantities of electrolytes that the body gains equals those that it loses. |
| hypocapnia | a state of reduced CO2 in the blood, usually due to hyperventilation |
| ketoacidosis | dangerous illness brought on by the body burning fat for energy instead of glucose |
| lactic acidosis | a condition that may develop after strenuous exercise or prolonged tissue hypoxia |
| transcellular fluid | extracellular fluid that is separated from other fluids; examples: vitreous humor, synovial fluid, serous fluid |
| water balance | total water intake equaling total water output |
| ADH | hormone that stimulates water conservation in the kidneys |
| thirst | primary regulator of water intake |
| aldosterone | promotes sodium retention in the kidneys |
| alkalosis | these can all cause what in the blood: prolonged vomiting, diabetes M, kidney failure |
| aldosterone | the amount of potassium excreted by the kidney is regulated by this hormone |
| hyperkalemia | renal failure can result in |
| potassium | intracellular fluid has a high concentration of. |
| sodium ions | nearly 90 percent of positively charged ions in extracellular fluid are |
| osmoreceptors | when the amount of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid, these receptors are stimulated |
| interstitial fluid and plasma | the primary components of extracellular fluid are |
| carbon dioxide | the most important factor affecting the PH of the body tissue is the concentration of |
| temporary increase in blood volume | consuming a meal high in salt will result in a |
| bicarb ion as a weak base, carb. acid as a weak acid | the Bicarbonate buffer system works by using |
| medulla | which is the innermost layer of the kidney tissue |
| renal corpuscle | bowmans capsule and the glomerulus make up the |
| proximal convoluted tubule | the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the |
| bowmans capsule | the process of filtration occurs where in the nephron |
| loop of henle | which portion of the nephron is able to concentrate urine |
| transitional | which epithelium lines the urinary bladder |
| less urine | when the ADH level in the blood increases _____ ______ is produced |
| glomerulus | the structure within the renal corpuscle |
| pyramids | conical structures within the renal medulla are called |
| loop of henle | the horseshoe shaped portion of the nephron |
| erythropoietin | which hormone is secreted by the kidneys |
| trigone | the bladders internal floor has a triangular area called the |
| afferent arterioles | the final branches of the arteries that reaches from the glomerulus to the nephron |
| efferent arterioles | the final branches of the arteries that reach the bowmans capsule |
| detrusor muscle | this muscle surrounds the neck of the bladder to form the internal urethral sphincter |
| glomerular capsule | the sac that surrounds the glomerulus, AKA bowmans capsule and the corpuscle |
| glomerular filtrate | mostly water, it has the same components as the plasma except for large protein modules, goes into the G. capsule |
| glomerular filtration | the process that initiates urine production |
| juxtaglomerular capsule | made up of enlarged smooth muscle cells along with the macula densa. releases Renin |
| micturition | the process of expelling urine from the body |
| nephrons | the functional units of the kidneys |
| net filtration pressure | the pressure that forces substances out of the glomerulus |
| peritubular capillary | these branch off of the efferent capillary |
| renal arteries | these supply blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys |
| cortex | the outer portion of the kidney, forms the renal columns |
| renal pelvis | funnel shaped sac inside the renal sinus that divides into the calyces |
| renal sinus | hollow medial depression of each kidney that the vessels pass through, contains the renal pelvis |
| renal tubule | portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus |
| renal vein | takes the blood away from the kidney to the vena cava |
| tubular reabsorption | process that moves substances from the tubular fluid into the blood |
| tubular secretion | process that moves substances from the blood in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule |
| urea | the result of amino acid catabolism, most of it is reabsorbed and some excreted into the urine. |
| uric acid | the result of metabolism of certain organic bases in nucleic acids |
| regulating the composition, PH and volume of extracellular fluid | the kidneys do what for our bodies |
| urea, uric acid, creatinine | the three major metabolic waste products the kidneys are responsible for regulating and removing from blood |
| converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 | what does Renin do |
| converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 | what does the enzyme ACE do in the kidneys |
| vasoconstriction , low glomerulus blood pressure | what does angiotensin 2 cause, and what is it responding to |
| help maintain sodium and water balance as well as blood pressure | what are the main purposes for angiotensin 2 |
| ANP atrial natriuretic peptide | a hormone released by the heart when blood volume increases, it increases sodium excretion by increasing the glomerular filtration rate. |
| peritubular capillaries | fluid that has been through the nephron, reabsorbed out of the tubules into the interstitial fluid is then diffused through what |
| active transport | since some of the filtrate of the nephron must be moved back and forth across the cell membrane, against gradients, what process is involved |
| filtration, reabsorption, secretion | the three steps in urine production can be summarized |
| mucous glands, mucous membrane, smooth muscle tissue | the urethra contains many of these, is made up of this type of tissue, and has a thick layer of what |
| urinary meatus | the outer orifice of a female urethra is called the |
| reduction in nephrons | an affect of aging internally in the kidney |
| lessened renal blood flow | an affect of aging on the kidney fluids |
| loss of detrusor muscle control | incontinence of the bladder may be caused by |
| enlarged prostate | a common cause of dysuria in older men |
| parasympathetic | which CNS system controls the output of urine |
| spinal cord | where is the micturition reflex center located |
| rythmic contractions of the detrusor muscle | what allows us to urinate |
| water | what moves out of the membrane in the descending tubule of the loop of henle |
| sodium and chloride ions | what is pumped out of the ascending tubule of the loop of henle |
| the medulla | which layer of the kidney houses the loop of henle and its limbs |
| osmosis due to the high concentration of solutes outside | why does water flow freely out of the descending loop of henle |
| organic nutrients, plasma proteins, ions | what are the major substances removed from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule |
| secretion via active transport | in the distal convoluted tubule, what is the major action taking place |
| stretch receptors on the bladder | what tells the CNS that we need to urinate |
| the blood plasma as bicarbonate associated with sodium ions | most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried by |
| epiglottis | elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing |
| changes in atmospheric pressure inside the thoracic cavity | air moves into the lungs because of |
| alveoli in the lungs to not inflate | lack of surfactant in the lungs of a newborn can cause |
| tidal volume | the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle |
| renal corpuscle | bowmans capsule and the glomerulus make up the |
| interlobular arteries | the glomerulus capillaries arise from the |
| reabsorption | the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubules is |
| vasoconstriction to conserve sodium and water balance and maintain blood pressure | the action of angiotensin 2 is mainly |
| glomerulus | the process of filtration occurs where in the kidney |
| hilum | the concave medial surface of the kidney is called the |
| arcuate | the artery that connects the interlobar arteries, arches across the surface of the pyramid inferior to the sinus |
| interlobular | the arteries that feed the nephrons, they branch off of the arcuate arteries |
| interlobar | the arteries that are located between the pyramids |
| alimentary canal | the mouth to the anus |
| appendix | a narrow tube projecting downward from the cecum, consists of lymphatic tissue |
| beta oxidation | when fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria or peroxisomes |
| bile | fluid that contains water, special salts, pigments, cholesterol and electrolytes |
| vitamin B complex | vitamin that helps to oxidize carbs, lipids and proteins |
| calorie | the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of a gram of water by one degree C |
| carbs | organic compounds , including sugars and starches |
| cecum | a pouch like structure at the beginning of the large intestine that receives waste material from the small intestine |
| cholecystokinin | a peptide hormone released by proteins and fats in the small intestine, decreasing gastric motility |
| chyme | a semi fluid paste made of food particles and gastric juice |
| common hepatic duct | the large duct formed by the merging of the hepatic ducts |
| complete proteins | proteins that have adequate amounts of essential amino acids |
| cystic duct | a channel connected to the gallbladder that joins the common hepatic duct |
| duodenum | the first section of the small intestine, located posterior to the parietal peritoneum |
| emulsification | the process of breaking fat globules into smaller droplets |
| essential amino acids | acids that cannot be synthesized by the body |
| essential fatty acids | acids that cannot be synthesized by the liver, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid |
| essential nutrients | certain amino acids that cannot be synthesized by human cells |
| gastric glands | located inside the stomachs inner lining that may have mucous, chief or parietal cells with differing secretions |
| gastric juice | produced by a combination of secretions from the mucous, chief and parietal cells of the gastric glands |
| gastrin | a peptide hormone used to increase gastric gland secretory activity |
| hepatic ducts | channels formed from lobules that create large bile ducts |
| hepatic lobules | the functional cells of the liver |
| hepatic sinusoids | vascular channels that separate platelike groups of hepatic cells |
| ileocecal sphincter | the muscle connecting the small intestine to the large intestine |
| incomplete proteins | proteins that have too little tryptophan and lysine to maintain human tissues or support growth and development |
| intestinal glands | glands located between the bases of adjacent intestinal villi, extending downward into the mucous membrane |
| intrinsic factor | a substance secreted by the parietal cells that helps the small intestine to absorb B12 |
| jejunum | second part of the intestine |
| ileum | third part of the intestine |
| intestinal villi | tiny projections of the mucous membrane of the inner wall of the small intestine |
| lacteal | a lymphatic capillary in each of the intestinal villi |
| lingual frenulum | the membranous fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
| cardiac sphincter | AKA lower esophageal sphincter |
| lower esophageal sphincter | located above the area where the esophagus meets the stomach, made of circular smooth muscle fibers |
| lumen | any channel inside a tube like structure |
| macronutrients | carbs, lipids and proteins that are needed in large quantities |
| major minerals | calcium, chlorine, mag, phosphorus, K, Na, and sulfur are known as the |
| mesentery | double layered fold of peritoneal membrane that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall |
| micronutrients | vitamins and minerals that are needed in small amounts |
| muscular layer | third level of the alimentary canal, produces movements of the tube and contains circular and longtitudal fibers |
| nucleases | enzymes in the pancreatic juice that break down nucleic acids into nucleotides |
| nutrients | carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water |
| pancreatic amylase | an enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests carbs |
| pancreatic lipase | an enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests fat |
| papillae | rough projections of the tongue that provide friction and contain the taste buds |
| parotid glands | the largest type of salivary gland, lying anterior and slightly inferior to each ear |
| partially complete protein | a protein that does not have enough lysine to promote growth, but does have enough to maintain life |
| pepsin | the most important digestive enzyme in the gastric juice |
| pepsinogen | the inactive enzyme that forms pepsin when activated |
| pharyngeal tonsils | aka adenoids |
| proteins | created from amino acids |
| pyloric sphincter | circular muscle acting as a valve to control gastric emptying |
| renin | an enzyme that mediates extracellular volume and mean arterial pressure |
| salivary amylase | the digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides |
| secretin | a peptide hormone that stimulates pancreatic juice with high concentrations of bicarb ions to be released, neutralizing acidic chyme |
| segmentation | alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the small intestine |
| serosa | fourth layer of the alimentary canal |
| sigmoid colon | the final portion of the colon that becomes the rectum |
| submandibular glands | located on the floor of the mouth on the inside lower jaw surface |
| trace elements | elements found in very small amounts |
| vitamin C | ascorbic acid, vitamin necessary for production of collagen, metabolism of amino acids, and many other vital functions |
| submucosa | blood vessels and lymphocytes are found in which layer of the digestive system |
| enamel | the crown of a tooth is covered by |
| lingual frenulum | the connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the |
| hydrochloric acid | the parietal cells secrete |
| cardia | what portion of the stomach connects to the esophagus |
| ileum | peyers patches are characteristic of which organ |
| jejunum | the middle portion of the small intestine is the |
| secretin | which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the pancreas |
| phagocytic | the Kupffer cells of the liver are |
| haustra | an external pouch of the colon |
| mouth | digestion of carbs begins where |
| the teniae coli | three longtitudal bands of muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon |
| lamina propria | areolar tissue that lies beneath the epithelium and constitutes the mucosa of the digestive tract |
| 32 | number of permanent adult teeth before losing any |
| fundic region | area superior to the cardiac portion of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area |
| cardiac region | area of the stomach near the esophageal opening |
| proteolytic | aka protein digesting |
| iron, vitamins A,D,B12 and glycogen | what is stored in the liver |
| hepatocytes | liver cells are known as |
| very low density lipoprotein | VLDL aka |
| low density lipoprotein | LDL aka |
| high density lipoprotein | HDL aka |
| podocytes | cells that filter the incoming fluid to the glomerulus |
| vermiform appendix | the appendix is aka |
| androgens | male sex hormones mostly produced by the testicular interstitial cells |
| bulbourethral glands | aka cowpers glands, they lie inferior to the prostate and secrete a lubricating fluid that prepares the penis for intercourse |
| cervix | the lower one third of the uterus, where the uterus opens into the vagina |
| corpus luteum | a temporary glandular structure created from enlarged follicular cells because of the release of LH |
| ductus deferentia | muscular tubes that pass upward, eventually entering the pelvic cavity of males |
| emission | the movement of sperm cells from the testes, and secretions of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles into the urethra |
| endometrium | the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall |
| epididymides | tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within the testes, they become the ductus deferens |
| estrogens | hormones that have many functions; enlargement of the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and external reproductive structures |
| glans penis | the cone shaped end of the penis |
| gonadotropins | hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which include LH and FSH |
| haploid | a condition involved in the second phase of meiosis wherein one member of each homologous pair separates its chromatids |
| hymen | the thin membrane of connective tissue and epithelium that partially covers the vaginal orifice |
| interstitial cells | the cells of leydig, they lie in spaces between the seminiferous tubules, prod. and secreting male sex hormones |
| labia majora | the structures that enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs of the female |
| labia minora | the structures that lie between the labia majora, they are flattened, longtitudal folds of conn. tissue |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that includes first and second divisions |
| menarche | the females first reproductive cycle |
| menopause | when a females reproductive cycle ends permanently |
| myometrium | the thick muscular middle layer of the uterine wall |
| oocytes | eggs, female sex cells formed in the ovaries |
| oogenesis | the process of egg cell formation, begins at puberty |
| ovulation | the development of a secondary oocyte and first polar body via oogenesis of the primary oocyte |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | a possible complication of gonorrhea or chlamydia, in which bacteria enter the vagina and spread throughout the reproductive organs |
| perimetrium | the outer serosal layer of the uterine wall |
| primary follicles | matured primordial follicles |
| primordial follicles | structures in developing female fetuses that contains a primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells |
| progesterone | a female hormone that promotes changes in the uterus during the reproductive cycle, affects the mammary glands |
| prostate | a gland that surrounds the male urethra and secretes a fluid that neutralizes the acids in the sperms surrounding fluids |
| puberty | the time that the body becomes reproductively functional |
| seminal vesicle | sac like structure that attaches to the ductus deferens, secretes an alkaline fluid that regulates PH |
| seminiferous tubules | highly coiled structures inside each lobule of a testis, they join the epidiymis |
| spermatogenesis | the formation of sperm |
| spermatogenic cells | these cells form sperm cells |
| spermatogonia | undifferentiated spermatogenic cells in a male embryo |
| testosterone | the most important male sex hormone |
| vestibular gland | one of two glands that lie one each side of the vaginal opening, secretes mucus to moisten the vaginal opening |
| vestibule | the structure into which the vagina opens posteriorly and the female urethra opens midline |
| vulva | the external accessory female organs, they surround the openings of the urethra and vagina |
| zygote | a large fertilized egg cell produced after contacting a male sperm cell |
| broad, uterosacral, round, lateral | ligaments (4) that attach to the uterus to support and hold it in place |
| mucosal layer | the inner layer of the vagina |
| muscular layer | the middle layer of the vagina |
| fibrous layer | the outer layer of the vagina |
| spermatic cord | a bundle of tissues that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves is called the |
| androgens | the interstitial cells of the testis produce |
| testes | sperm production occurs in the |
| bulbourethral glands | which structure is located at the base of the penis, and produces a lubricating substance |
| prepuce | the fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis |
| cervix | the inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina |
| uterine tube | the structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the |
| flagellum | what is the tail of the sperm called |
| the nucleus | what is located in the head of the sperm cell |
| corpora cavernosa | the erectile tissue located on the ventral surface of the penis is the |
| 250 million | the typical ejaculation contains appx. how many sperm cells |
| infundibulum | the portion of the uterine tube closest to the ovary |
| progesterone | the principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is |
| one | how many viable ovum are produced during the process of oogenesis |
| the vagina | the muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia |
| the lobules | in the mammary glands, milk production occurs in |
| 28 days | length of an average menstrual cycles |
| acrosome | the section of the sperm that contains enzymes that enable it to break down the covering of the ovum to permit entry |
| IUDs | complications of their use, causes excessive bleeding, pain and spontaneous expulsion |
| the pancreas | produces proteinases, carbohydrases, lipases, amylase |
| lymphatic vessels | most products of fat digestion are absorbed by |
| proteins | trypsin is an enzyme that breaks down |
| fats | bile salts help to digest and absorb |
| taenia coli | 3 longtitudal bands of muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon |
| CO2 and water | aerobic respiration of glucose produces |
| reabsorbed by the renal tubules | if extracellular phosphate is low, then phosphate ions are |
| aldosterone | potassium ions are regulated by |
| cells | metabolic generation of water is defined as the production of water within |
| increases in ADH | increased water metabolism in the kidneys occurs as the result of |
| loss of body water | which factor increases osmotic pressure to stimulate osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus |
| potassium | intracellular fluid has high levels of |
| sodium | extracellular fluid has high levels of |
| lactic acidosis | in oxygen starvation, a pt may develop |
| medullary respiratory center | hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids is partially regulated where |
| strong acids | these dissociate to release hydrogen ions more completely |
| the detrusor muscle | this muscle compresses the bladder to expel urine |
| 2 Liters | how much fluid is produced by glomerular filtration in 24 hours |
| amino acid | urea is a result of catabolism of |
| glomerular filtration rate | kidney net filtration pressure is directly proportional to |
| embryonic disc | a flattened cell mass developed during the early embryonic stage, it has an outer ectoderm and an inner ectoderm |
| embryonic stage | the period around the time of implantation, when certain cells on the inner face of a blastocyst organize to create an inner cell mass that will form the body of the developing offspring |
| fertilization | the union of an egg cell with a sperm cell |
| fetal stage | the period that begins at the end of the eighth week of development and lasts until birth |
| fetus | an offspring after the eighth week of development until birth |
| foramen ovale | an opening in the atrial septum through which blood flows from the fetal right atrium into the left atrium |
| gastrula | a 2 week old embryo, with three primary germ layers |
| genotype | a status of an individual that is based on the combination of alleles , for one gene or many |
| heterozygous | a condition related to genes wherein there are two different alleles |
| homozygous | a condition related to genes wherein there are two identical alleles |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | a hormone that normally prevents spontaneous abortion |
| lacunae | irregular spaces that form around and between the villi |
| neonatal period | the period beginning abruptly at birth and extending to the end of the first 4 weeks |
| phenotype | the appearance, health condition, or other characteristics associated with a particular genotype |
| placenta | a complex vascular structure that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall and exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes. |
| placental lactogen | a hormone secreted from the placenta that helps to stimulate breast development and prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion |
| placental membrane | a thin structure that separates embryonic blood in a capillary of chorionic villus from maternal blood in a lacuna |
| primary germ layers | three cell layers that arise in the embryonic stage from which all organs of the body form |
| recessive | less influential than dominant |
| sex chromosomes | the X and Y chromosomes |
| teratogens | environmental factors that cause congenital malformations by interfering with prenatal growth or development |
| yolk sac | forms during the second week of development, attaching to the underside of the embryonic disc. It forms blood cells in the early stages |
| zygote | the first cell of future offspring, it contains 23 chromosomes from each parent |
| allantois | a structure that forms during the third week of development as a tube extending from the early yolk sac into the connecting stalk of the embryo |
| alleles | variant forms of a gene, which can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence |
| amnion | a membrane that develops, during the embryonic stage, around the embryo, it appears during the second week |
| amniotic fluid | liquid that fills the space between the amnion and embryonic disc |
| autosomes | the chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex |
| chorion | a structure formed from two layers of cells that line a trophoblast. |
| chorionic villi | highly branched structures that grow out from a trophoblast |
| cleavage | a phase of early rapid cell division, as the zygote undergoes mitosis |
| ductus arteriosus | a fetal vessel through which most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs, it connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of the aortic arch |
| ductus venosus | a vessel that bypasses the liver and receives about half of the blood carried by the umbilical vein |
| embryo | an offspring from implantation until the end of the eight week |
| ectodermal cells | produce the nervous system, parts of the special sensory organs, epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands, linings of the mouth, and anal canal on the fetus |
| mesodermal cells | produce the muscle tissues, bone tissue, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue, internal reproductive organs, kidneys, epithelial linings of body cavities in the fetus |
| endodermal cells | produce the digestive tract epithelium, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, urethra in the fetus |
| teratogens | environmental factors that cause congenital malformations |
| the embryo | the inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form |
| morula | the solid ball of cells after several rounds of cell division is called a |
| a blastocyst | a hollow ball of cells |
| relaxin | the hormone that increases the flexibility of the symphysis pubis and causes dilation of the cervix during pregnancy is |
| dilation stage | the first stage of labor |
| gestation | the time spent in prenatal development is referred to as |
| autosomes | chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are referred to as |
| 12 weeks | a developing fetus may be distinguished as either male or female at |
| oxytocin | stretching of the cervix during labor causes an increase in the blood levels of |
| proteins | colostrum contains which of the following in highest quantities |
| meiosis | the process by which sex cells are formed |
| x-linked recessive | the major modes of inheritance are |
| genotypes | patterns of inheritance through families are known as |
| genotype | a status of an individual that is based on the combination of alleles for one gene, or many, is |
| heterozygous | if an individual carries two different alleles, he or she is referred to as |
| homozygous | if an individual carries two identical alleles of a gene, he or she is referred to as |
| alleles | the various forms of any one gene are called |
| autosomal | chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called |
| potassium | the major cation in intracellular fluid |
| acidosis | excessive CO2 and H2CO3 may lead to |
| respiration of glucose, incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids, hydrolosis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids | what are the major sources for hydrogen ions |
| respiratory acidosis | a person with emphysema can exhibit signs of |
| hydrogen and phosphate | ions normally found in urine and plasma include |
| gastrin | the stomach releases a hormone called |
| gall bladder | bile is stored in the |
| protein | pepsin digests |
| chemical breakdown of organic matter | digestion refers to |
| mechanical and chemical digestion, mixing | the function of the oral cavity |
| epididymides | the site of sperm maturations is the |
| bulbourethral glands | the small paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the |
| progesterone | what is the major hormone secreted by the corpus luteum |
| gonorrhea chlamydia | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease may be a complication of |
| sperm cells, secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands | semen contains |
| alleles | varying forms of genes are called |
| yolk sac | a structure that forms blood cells during the early stages of development is the |
| nervous system, sensory organs, epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands, linings of mouth and anal canal | the ectoderm forms these |
| progesterone and relaxin | during the third trimester, powerful uterine contractions are prevented by elevated levels of |
| second | rapid fetal growth occurs most during which trimester |
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