| Term | Definition |
|---|
| senate | group of 300 patricians that serve for life and make laws, give advice to other parts of the government, and have some imperium |
| plebeians | member of the lower class in ancient Rome; including farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders |
| imperium | power to make decisions |
| League of Corinth | had representatives from each polis |
| Sarissa | long spears that are used in a phalanx |
| phalanx | in ancient Greece, a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers |
| Lyceum | Aristotle's school |
| syllogism | Every Greek is human; Every human is mortal; Therefore, Every Greek is mortal |
| philosopher king | Plato's ideal ruler |
| Academy | Plato's school for all |
| Allegory of the Cave | thinking that the shadow on cave walls are the real thing |
| Trojan War | fought between Trojans and Greeks; could be fought becase the Greeks wanted the ports that the Trojans had OR could be fought because a Paris stole a Greek's wife |
| Odyssey | story by Homer about Odysseus's journey back to his home from the Trojan War |
| Illiad | epic poem by Homer; about the Trojan War |
| Aegean Sea | sea that surrounds Greek mainland |
| forms | Plato's belief, ONE PERFECT FORM; many small or other copies of the main form |
| Dao | "the way" Daoism; way to live life |
| Palace of Knossos | Minoan palaces, had frescoes, 800 rooms, rich Minoans live there |
| bull leaping | Minoan sport or ritual to leap over bulls |
| boule | 100 members from each of the 4 Athenian tribes |
| archons | nine chief magistrates (Athens) |
| assembly | all spartan citizens, approve council proposals, choose council men |
| ephors | 5 spartan men who run military, education, infant selection,k and they lead the council |
| infanticide | the killing of infants |
| Struggle of the Orders | plebeians and patricians struggle; plebeians threatened to secede from Rome, were given concessions |
| Twelve Tables | laws given to the plebeians from patricians |
| council of thirty | a group of Spartans that controlled Athens for a while; very unliked, some were taught by Socrates |
| inflation | economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices |
| Legalism | believed only way to acheive order was to pass strict laws; was in the Qin dynasty |
| helot | member of a class of state-owned slaves in ancient Sparta |
| dictator | happens during emergency situations for 6 months and they are able to control and make all decisions |
| magistrates | government officials in Rome |
| patricians | member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome |
| Army Assembly | chooses consuls, praetors, censors for one year terms |
| Popular Assembly | citizens that pass laws for country and choose quaestors and other positions |
| Plebeian Assembly | can pass laws for plebeians |
| tribunes | 10 people who can veto actions having to do with plebians |
| legion | basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5000 soldiers |
| decimation | killing of every 10th person if someone were to leave |
| latifundia | huge estates brought up by newly wealthy roman citizens |
| First Triumvirate | Caesar, Pompey, Crassus |
| Second Triumvirate | Antony, Octavian, Lepidus |
| Pax Romana | 200 year peace |
| messiah | savior sent by god |
| martyr | person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs |
| pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| heresies | religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church |
| mercenaries | soldier serving in a foreign army for pay |
| debtor | person who debts |
| Crete | inbetween the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea, Minoans live there |
| tyranny | a government type in which one person takes power illegally |
| Daoism | founded by Laozi; believed to live in time flow like water |
| Great Wall | Huangdi's most remarkable achievement |
| expansionism | policy of increasing the amount of territory a government holds |
| monopoly | complete control of a product or business by one person or group |
| oracle bones | bones used by the priests in Shang China to predict the future |
| Mandate of Heaven | the right to rule given by the gods |
| yin and yang | to oppisites that you want together to make a whole between dark and light, earth and heaven, female and male |
| feudalism | loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owned military service and other support to a greater lord |
| dynastic cycle | rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven |
| five social relationships | taught that harmony resulted when poeple accept their place in soceity; father to son; elder brother to younger brother; friend to friend; husband to wife; ruler to subject |
| filial piety | respect for parents |
| Confucianism | concerned about wordly goals, like social order and government ; filial piety; five relationships, spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam |
| acupuncture | medical treatment in which needles are inserted under the skin at specific points to relive pain or treat various illnesses |
| straits | narrow water passages |
| polis | city state in ancient Greece |
| monarchy | government in which a king or queen exercises central power |
| oligarchy | government in which ruling power belongs to a few people |
| democracy | government in which the people hold central power |
| ostracism | used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy |
| Delian League | Athens and their allies |
| Peloponnesian League | Sparta and their Allies won the Peloponnesian War |
| Socratic Method | questioning everything |
| quaestors | 20 people who administer finances |
| praetors | 8 people who are judges and run the government when the consul is gone |
| consuls | 2 people that serve for a year; day to day decisions and can veto each other |
| Shang Dynasty | Capital was in Anyang; the kings lead noble warriors in battle; |
| Zhou Dynasty | economy grew and for the first time people started to use their money; supporters were rewarded with control over different regions |
| Confucius | born into a poor family but wanted to be an adviser to a local ruler, for years he wandered courts telling people how to govern, did not write down his ideas, when he died his though were put into a book called the Analects; developed a philosophy how to ensure social order and good government |
| Laozi | founded Daoism and said to have lived in the time of Confucius; created The Way of Virtue; not concered about bringing order to human affairs; wanted people to live in harmony with nature |
| Qin Dynasty | Legalism was the official policy here |
| Shi Huangdi | determined to end divisons that broke Zhou China; spent 20 years conquering most of the warring states; centralized power with some help; built strong governments of Qin Dynasty by rewarding for merit and punishment for failure |
| Han Dynasty | ruler was Liu Bang |
| Minoans | practiced the ritual of bull leaping; home was Crete; rulers lived at Palace of Knossos |
| Mycenaean's | good sea traders; lived in separate city states |
| Troy | controlled the vital straits or narrow water passages that connect the Mediterranean and Clack seas |
| Sparta | boys were taken from home at 7; live in barracks until 30; on reserve in army until 60; women were suppose to be strong to make strong sons; the girls were given educations and physical training;women married at 18 and husband was close to that age; slaves were from Laconia, Messenia; helots out numbered 10- 1; slaves could get freedom for bravery in battle; lifestyle was simple; |
| Lycurgus | told by the oracle of Delphi that laws he created would lead to strong state |
| Athens | boys had two years of military training at age 18 and on reserve for life; women had to stay at home and were not allowed to speak; girls married around 13-14 to a man much older and the husband decided whether or not to kill the baby; slaves were 50% of population; known for philosophy; trade |
| Minos | legendary king of Minoans |
| Draco | may be a legend; harsh laws; the punishment for most crimes was death; anyone who owns armor and weapons can vote; debtors were forced to sell themselves into slavery |
| Solon | gets power from Areopagus; frees slaves; ends debts; returns lost lands to poor; made slavery for debt illegal |
| Pisistratus | Athens tyrant; how we get from monarchy to democracy :used military to take power; did building projects and cultural projects; increased power of assembly |
| Hippias | bad tyrant his brother died so he started being cruel asked Spartans to kill him because they couldn't |
| Cleisthenes | created 10 tribes; creates council of 500 to replace boule |
| Pericles | limited citizenship to males born to Athenian parents; paid jurors and government officials so poor could afford to serve; brought everyone into the walls of Athens but they many died during the winter |
| Darius I | Persian king; sent fleet to Marathon but lost at the Battle of Marathon |
| Xerxes | son of Darius I; sent a massive force to Greece to avenge for earlier loss |
| Alcibiades | went from Athens to Sparta to Persia; left Sparta because he got the kings wife pregnant and didn't want to be killed; left Persia because Athens though he was helping them and he wanted to go back; was killed by Spartans; first by trying to burn his house but he walked out so he was shot with arrows |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher for Athens; doesn't like democracy; creates Socratic Method; put on trial for corrupting the youth and not worshiping the right gods; found guilty and was put to death |
| Plato | doesn't like democracy; wants to know what is real; creates Acadamey; ideal ruler is philosopher king; |
| Aristotle | believes the objects we see are real; interest in biology; classification of plants and animals; teacher of Alexander the Great; created Lyceum and syllogism |
| Phillip II | as a youth was sent as a hostage to Thebes for three years; used a phalanx, sarissas and cavalry; keep Greeks happy |
| Alexander the Great | father wants to conquer Persia so he wants to do the same; notices small things; very confident; killed anyone who didn't like his father; likes poeple to stand up to him, he gives respect to them; proclaimed himself as Lord of Asia; ruled Macedonia; defeated King Darius; won the Persian Empire |
| Etruscans | came before Romans; lived in the Hills of Tuscany; women were given a part in society; overthrown because one of their men raped Lucretia and then she killed herself |
| Romulus | son of the vestal virgin and Mars; the one that saw 12 vultures and killed his brother; Rome is names after him |
| Remus | saw 6 vultures; son of the vestal virgin and Mars |
| Lucretia | woman who is raped and kills herself because she is ashamed; tells her friends and this is what gets the Etruscans overthrown |
| Hannibal | wants revenge; started a journey with 37 elephants and 40 thousand men; when they got their there was 1 elephant left and 1/3 of the men had died; tries to take over Rome but doesn't have the right equipment ; in the second Punic War he destroys Roman forces at Cannae; attacks are made at his home of Carthage so he has to go back and defend |
| Scipio | in charge of leading the attack on Hannibal's home town Carthage |
| Tiberius Gracchus | wanted to limit land ownership to 310 acres, the extra land would be taken by the government and rented to the poor farmers, but the plan made the landowners especially angry; he was killed in riots |
| Gaius Gracchus | had a number of reforms including giving land in foreign territories to poor; when he left senators got another candidate to make better promises so he would lose; has a slave kill him before the government could |
| Cleopatra | her brother and her are fighting in Egypt; if she could get Caesar on her side she could be queen; she roles herself up in a rug to be delivered to Caesar; they have a child named Caesarion; becomes queen |
| Marius | fights with Sulla and loses; Caear was on his side; army general, made sure his soldiers had a grand of land if they were loyal |
| Sulla | won the struggle with Marius; order Caesar to divorce his wife and he says no |
| Pompey | married to Caesars daughter; part of the first triumvirate; gets in a fight with Crassus; then his wife dies and he creates his own army; he sees he is in trouble so he goes to Greece then the Egypt; Cleopatra's brother cuts his head off |
| Crassus | part of the First Triumvirate; fights with Pompey and dies in wars against the Parathion's |
| Marc Antony | was in the Second Triumvirate; made an alliance with cleopatra; married to Octavia; kills himself because he thinks Cleopatra is dead |
| Octavian | when he becomes emperor he is Caesar Augustus; took in Antony's kids; gives the senate some power because they can get other people against them |
| Caligula | weird; appointed his horse counsel; got sick 7 months into his reign; when he wanted money he stole it from Rome; was so bad that his own guard killed him |
| Claudius | slobbered and stuttered; takes over and was ok; accomplished building projects; added Britain to the Roman empire; was involved in the judicial program but falls asleep during them |
| Nero | likes to kill people; mother killed Claudius so he could get the position; his mom gets to much power so he kills her; then he starts to do weird things |
| Peter | established Christianity in the city of Rome |
| Paul | played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity; his missionary set christianity on the road to becoming a world religion; journeyed around the Maediterranean and set up churches from Mesopotamia to Rome |
| Diocletian | made empire easier to govern; divided it into two parts, eastern and western; he fixed prices for goods and services |
| Constantine | continued Diocletian's reforms;granted tolerance to Christians; he encouraged the rpid growth of christianity; built a new capital; he made the eastern the center of power; |
| Attila the Hun | went on a campaign of conquest across much of Europe; Christians called him the "scourge of God"; |
| Visigoths | general was Alaric; won against the roman army |
| Huns | were feared because they might "force their way through all obstacles" |
Combine with other sets
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