Chapter 31: Fungi
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 yeast | Single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. Some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types. |
| hypha (plural, hyphae) | One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus. |
| chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. |
| mycelium | The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus. |
| septum (plural, septa) | One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell. |
| coenocytic fungus | A fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands of nuclei. |
| haustorium (plural, haustoria) | In certain symbiotic fungi, a specialized hypha that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms. |
| mycorrhiza (plural, mycorrhizae) | A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus. |
| ectomycorrhizal fungus | A symbiotic fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex. |
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus | A symbiotic fungus whose hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell (enclosed in tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane). |
| spore | (1) In the life cycle of a plant or algae undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination. |
| pheromone | In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior. |
| plasmogamy | In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy. |
| heterokaryon | A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell. |
| dikaryotic | Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent. |
| karyogamy | In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy. |
| mold | Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium. |
| deuteromycete | Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage. |
| opisthokont | Member of the diverse clade Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists. |
| nucleariid | Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists. |
| chytrid | Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage. |
| zoospore | Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists. |
| zygomycete | Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction. |
| zygosporangium | In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur. |
| glomeromycete | Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae. |
| ascomycete | Member of the fungal phylum Ascomycota, commonly called sac fungus. The name comes from the saclike structure in which the spores develop. |
| ascus (plural, asci) | A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus. |
| ascocarp | The fruiting body of a sac fungus (ascomycete). |
| conidium (plural, conidia) | A haploid spore produced at the tip of a specialized hypha in ascomycetes during asexual reproduction. |
| basidiomycete | Member of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota, commonly called club fungus. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium. |
| basidium (plural, basidia) | A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms (club fungi). |
| basidiocarp | Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus. |
| endophyte | A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant. |
| lichen | The mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic algae or cyanobacterium. |
| soredium (plural, soredia) | In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae. |
| mycosis | General term for a fungal infection. |
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