Texes Art EC-12

Terms	Definitions
Intensity	degrees of shading between black and white (expressive drawing effect)
Cloisonne	enameling technique where thin wire partitions (cloisons) are filled with enamel (art form from ancient Byzantium)
Chiaroscuro	using light (chiaro) and dark, or shade (use of shading)
Hue	dimension of color determined by wavelength of light (one of the main properties of color)
Veduta	Italian for "view" (landscape painting popular in 18th century Venice)
Volute	architectural element on an ionic capital (partially unrolled scroll)
Value	darkness or lightness of a color (amt of light reflected by a hue)
Tempura	painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk
Monet	French impressionist painter (1840-1926); Impressionism
Cezanne	French post-impressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components in nature (said "everything in nature adheres to the cone, cylinder, and the curve")
Picasso	prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973); Cubism
Piments	gives color/texture to paint
Gold Leaf	paper-thin sheets of hammered gold that are used in gilding (such as Byzantine icons)
Casein Paints	Milk based paint (gets rancid); cheap (mostly used in theater)
Synthetic Resin Paints	chemically different from resinous compounds secreted by plants; a"newer" painting medium (liquids harden permanently)
Vegetable Dyes	colorants derived from plants/fungi
Natural Dyes	dyes/colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals
Impressionism	-movement in 19th century French painting, in which artists reacted against Realism by conveying impressions of subjects in time; sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
Futurism	-artistic movement in Italy around 1910 tried to express energy and values of machine age; -Italian movement begun shortly before and during WWI; depicted dynamic movement and stressed violence & speed of Machine Age; They advocated revolution and glorified war.(Balla, Severini, Boccioni)
Expressionism	Beginning in the early 1900s, a school of art that focused on the emotional reaction to a subject. Paintings usually have strong lines and bold, vibrant colors. Masters of the style include Georges Rouault, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gaugin.
Expressionist	Van Gogh, Gaugin, and Rouault, believe that good art expresses the emotions of the maker and has an emotional impact on its viewers
Romanticism	-glorifies heros; -bright colors, sharp diagonal movements, constantly moving forms and melodramatic lighting -art movement during late 18th/early 19th centuries celebrated "nature" rather than civilization -against Neoclassicism
Byzantine	designating the style of the fine or decorative arts developed and elaborated in the Byzantine Empire; intricate and complicated
Brazing	joining of two metals at an intermediate temperature above 800F using non-ferrous material
Welding	Fusing two pieces of material using a heat process; most commonly used with metal and plastics
Soldering	Process of joining two metallic surfaces to make an electrical contact by melting solder (usually tin and lead) across them; bonding metals and alloys that melt at temperatures below 840° F
Embossing	a raised relief design on paper surface through pressure-raised to form image; with or without ink
Debossing	a depressed image created on paper by applying heat and pressure
Realism	an artistic movement in 19th century France; Ex. "artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description"
Sculpture	3-D work of art, statue; "in the round"
Opaque	not allowing the passage of light, not transparent
Neoclassicism	-French art movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque in the mid-18th century, and continued into the middle of the 19th century. -sought to revive ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art.
Baroque	-highly ornate decorative art/architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century
Greek Art	-glorified human beings; status stressed admired traits of beauty, strength, intelligence, pride, grace, and courage
Roman Art	-developed during the reign of Augustus. Architecture was used to emphasize the power and grandeur of Rome. Busts, statues, and paintings were created using the realistic style of Hellenistic artists. Most common were paintings of landscapes and scenes from daily life and mosaics and statues of people and animals.
Hellenistic	Relating to the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late 2nd century B.C.
Bust	a sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person
Etching	an intaglio/engraved printmaking technique in which a metal plate is covered with an acid-resistant ground and worked with an etching needle to create an image.
Printmaking	artistic design and manufacture of prints as woodcuts or silkscreens
Medium	A material used to make art.
Intaglio	a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; Ex. the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print
Aquatint	an etching made by a process that makes it resemble a water color; etching technique consisting of sprinkling a metal plate with powdered resin and heating it to adhere
Durer	a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528)
Goya	which artist became more bitter as he grew older and began painting subject matter from his dreams because he felt the real world could not communicate his thoughts?
Goya	who was a court painter for King Charles IV?
Rembrandt	Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
Matisse	Which artists devoted his later years to paper cutouts? He would cut the shapes at random or sometimes with a certain idea in mind.
Matisse	Who was the leader of the Fauvist movement?
Fauvism	an art movement launched in 1905 whose work was characterized by bright and non-natural colors and simple forms noun; cut-outs Ex. influenced the expressionists
Inadequate Wiping	What causes the background of a dry-point etching to become too dark?
Compact & Unified Form	What is the main concept to stress in a lesson on sculpture for beginners?
Anatomical Construction Proficiency	What is the least important expectation of a lesson in modeling the human figure?
Soldering	What is the safest method in a classroom when assembling sheet brass sculptures?
Cubism	an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes; Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
Tusche	a black liquid used in lithography for drawing and painting and in etching and the silk-screen process as a resist
Lithography	a printmaking method in which the image to be printed is drawn on a limestone, zinc, or aluminum surface with a special greasy crayon
Washout	What is tusche used as in silk-screen printing?
Iron Oxide	In ceramics, what oxide is used to produce a glaze with red tones?
Vanadium Oxide	In ceramics, what oxide is used to produce a glaze with pale green tones?
Nickel Oxide	In ceramics, what oxide is used to produce a glaze with brown tones?
Cobalt Oxide	In ceramics, what oxide is used to produce a glaze with blue/metallic tones?
Firing	the process of heating ceramic pieces in a kiln
Glazing	firing porcelain at high temperature to achieve a smooth, shiny surface; makes ceramics waterproof
Molding	the act of creating something by casting it in a mold
Bisque	Pottery that has been fired but not yet glazed.
Kiln	an oven that can reach extreme temperatures necessary to harden clay and melt glazes
Earthenware	ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat
Make-Ready	Press preparation time, including all the steps needed before an actual press run.
Armature	a framework used to support material being modeled in sculpture
Ceramic	may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (a glass)
Weft	in weaving, a thread that travels horizontally through the vertical warp in weaving; older term "woof"
Warp	in weaving, threads that lie in a vertical position
Weaving	using a loom to interlace of two sets of threads at right angles to each other: the warp and the weft
Loom	a textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile
Hand Loom	Weaving machine to make textiles before the Industrial Revolution; Shuttle facilitates interlacing process; types of hand looms are pegged & free-standing looms
Stage Costume Fabrics	fabrics used on stage such as chiffon, burlap, and satin
Applique	An art form in which cutout fabric decorations are fastened to a larger surface to create a new design
Batik	method of dyeing fabric by covering certain sections with wax
Jacquard	French inventor of the Jacquard loom that could automatically weave complicated patterns (1752-1834); intricately-woven variegated fabric; loom for making jacquard
Petit Point	needlepoint done with small stitches
Buckram	stiff-finished cotton or linen used for garment linings
Potassium Sulphide	What solution can darken copper and brass?
Champleve	(for metals) having areas separated by metal and filled with colored enamel and fired; enameling/metal technique
Repousse	a metal technique in which a relief is formed on the front by hammering a metal plate from the back
Gouache	a type of watercolor paint, made heavier and more opaque by the addition of a white pigment (chalk, Chinese white, etc.) in a gum arabic mixture. This results in a stronger color than ordinary watercolor.
Granulation	ornamenting small grains of metal, usually gold, soldered to a flat surface
Hatching	shading consisting of multiple crossing lines
Cultures that used Weaving	Andean civilizations, American Southwest, Amazonia
Silk	What type of fabric uses a satin weave where each warp thread floats over 16 weft threads?
Serigraph	a print made using a stencil process in which an image or design is superimposed on a very fine mesh screen and printing ink is squeegeed onto the printing surface through the area of the screen that is not covered by the stencil
Monotype	One of a kind print made from painted or inked surface.
Mezzotint	picture engraved on copper/steel by polishing or scraping away parts of a roughened surface; printmaking process
Stipple	paint or draw with dots or short strokes
Tonal Effects	Mezzotint, Aquatint & Stipple create what type of effects?
Modern Art	a general term for the huge changes in art in the 20th C. Much modern art is about the simplication and flattening of an image often to represent an essential aspect of reality instead of a representation of a visual scene (real or imagined
avant-gard	ahead of the times, especially in the arts; a group that is ahead of the times
Relief	sculpture consisting of shapes carved on a surface so as to stand out from the surrounding background
Offset Printing	A commonly used commercial printing technique in which an image is transferred or "offset" to a rubber roller before it is printed on paper.
Intaglio Drawing	-a method of reproducing drawings where incised lines are printed
Environmental Design	careers that are centered on the places people visit and where they live and work. For example, these include architecture, landscape architecture, and interior design
Solar Heated Houses	Houses that make use of the sun's rays for power for the home
Architectural Elements	elements which contribute to architectural features of a building; vaulted ceilings, flying butresses, etc.
Gothic Architecture	style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; Ex. characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches; gargoyles
Contrast	the relationship between the light and dark areas of an image
Montage	a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image
Warhol	"Campbell Soup Can" in 1960; lived a flamboyant, public life, started with store windows, used repetition/car accidents/electric chairs/social icons; Pop Art movement
Pop Art	an American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media
Mural	wall painting
Line	What is the most powerful factor in stage design?
Stencil	device that has a sheet perforated with printing through which ink or paint can pass to create a printed pattern
Manet	French painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1832-1883)
Impressionist Works of Monet	Waterlilies, Terrace at Ste. adresse
Segal	United States sculptor (born in 1924); , scuplted things where the stuff was real but the people in them were fake and phony
Jim Dine	American pop artist part of neo-dada movement; , did "The Smiling Workman" in 1960, wrote "I love what I'm...." in paint while drinking rum, dumped the paint over his head, jumped through the canvas and a friend counted in German
Neo-Dada	style of art that melds painterly abstraction with Dada's emphasis on culture and society. unites painterly abstraction with objects from everyday life
Dada Art Movement	a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; Ex. based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty
Amphora	-a 2 handled egg-shaped jar used for storage purposes
Apse	A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.
Frank Lloyd Wright	architect who built Empire State Building (1931); "form follows function"; handsome materials, great stone wall & large expanses of glass characterize his home called "Taliesin" in Wisconsin
Breuer	United States architect (born in Hungary) who was associated with the Bauhaus in the 1920's (1902-1981)
Bauhaus	school in germany, that influnced architecture by blending science and technology with design; , a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
Walter Gropius	United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969)
Michealangelo	famous painter and sculptor who painted the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel in the Vatican and statue of David
Kandinsky	Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art (1866-1944)
Abstract Art	Art form that represents ideas using geometric and other designs instead of natural forms seeking to break away from traditional representation of physical objects. Pioneered by Kandinsky and others in the early 20th century.
Salvador Dali	A Spanish surrealist artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century; painted -Melting Clocks -The persistence of memory -Inventions of the monsters
Surrealism	a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams
Jackson Pollock	US artist famous for painting with a drip technique; Ex. a leader of abstract expressionism in America (1912-1956)
Miro	Spanish surrealist painter (1893-1983)
Sistene Chapel	ceiling of a chapel in the Vatican painted by Michelangelo of scenes from the Bible
Fresco	A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)
Italian Renaissance	The early period in which Italy was the center of the Renaissance and also the revival of classical art; 1350-1550