Unit 4: Reason and Revolution
Order by
89 terms
Spanish | English |
|---|---|
 absolutism | a form of government in which all power is rested in a single ruler; no checks and balances |
| absolute monarch | a king or queen with complete control of their country or empire |
| divine right | monarchs receive their power from God and are only responsible to God (do not answer to his people) |
| Philip II (Spain) | 1556-1598, spread Catholicism, tried to conquer a lot of land, dug Spain into huge debt and war |
| Spanish armada | the great fleet sent from Spain against England bu Philip II in 1588 |
| Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s (Louis XIV) |
| Cardinal Richelieu | minister of Louis XIII, he spend 18 years strengthening the central government, sought to destroy the power of the Huguenots and nobles- the two groups that didn't bow to royal authority; gave people jobs to tie them to the government |
| Louis XIII (France) | king of France from 1610-1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu |
| Louis XIV (France) | 1642-1715 (72years) many riots and protesting, he took complete control over gov. when his minister died. He firmly believed in his divine right; never called a meeting of the Estates-General; to strengthen his rule he used to policies of Richelieu; built the French army into the strongest in Europe; supported the arts; spent a lot of resources on wars; revoked the Edict of Nantes making Huguenots flee (most prosperous of his subjects) mainly bad: reduced power of the nobility, fought four wars,greatly increased national debt |
| intendant | official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | finance minister for Louis XIV; imposed mercantilist policies to bolster the economy; his policies helped make France the wealthiest state in Europe |
| Versailles | royal French residence (palace) and seat of government established by King Louis XIV |
| Frederick the Great (Prussia) | 1740-1786; many military victories and defeats; encouraged religious freedom (for economic diversity); brought Prussia great power and wealth, increased military strength and doubled land |
| Peter the Great (Russia) | 1689-1725; made a play army (skillful); deprived church of independence, modernized Russia (westernized) visited Europe and was impressed; he was autocratic because Russians didn't want to change their ways so he had to rule with ultimate authority; he passed laws that helped nobles so they would be on his side; he tortured and executed rebels; wanted warm water port (unsuccessful); fought Great Northern War: lost first time won second (against Swedish); made Russia biggest country |
| boyars | a landowning noble in Russia under the tsars; were forced by Peter to serve the state in civilian or military positions |
| westernization | adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture |
| St. Petersburg | capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703; magnificent and expensive |
| Catherine the Great (Russia) | Peter's successor; wife of assassinated tsar; worked to bring Russia full into European cultural and political life; she was a ruthless monarch: took firm action to repress rebels; was determined to expand borders (gained warm water port from Ottoman Empire) took over parts of Poland |
| James I (England) | successor of Elizabeth I (relative- the king of Scotland) 1603;he was not as popular or skillful with Parliament; He agreed to rule according to English laws and customs but repeatedly clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policies |
| Charles I (England) | inherited throne in 1625 form James I; behaved like an absolute monarch; Parliament made him sign the Petition of Right; but he dissolved Parliament soon after; didn't use Parliament for 11 years but then needed it in 1640 for funds to suppress Scottish rebellion, they refused and launched own rebellion (started English Civil War) first executed monarch |
| Petition of Right | a document that prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament's consent, or from jailing anyone without legal justification. (Charles I ignored it for 11 years) |
| Puritans | a group of dissenters- Protestants who differed with Church of England; sought to "purify" the Church of Catholic practices; called for simpler church without bishops. (James I rejected their demands) on Oliver Cromwell's side (Roundheads) |
| parliament | a group of people that made decisions with the king (on Oliver Cromwell's side) |
| English Civil War | fought against the Cavaliers and Roundheads because of their opposing views; ended with the king being put on trial and executed |
| Oliver Cromwell | led the Roundheads; organized a "New Model Army"- ranked by skill rather than social class; won the war; leader of the Commonwealth; later took the title "Lord Protector"; ruled as a virtual dictoator through the army; banned 'fun' stuff with Puritans; oppressed Levellers and Catholics |
| Cavaliers | supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War (wealthy nobles) this side lost |
| Roundheads | the names for the forces of Parliament in the English Civil War (called this because their hair was cut short around their heads) this side won |
| English Commonwealth | the name of England (now republic) after the English Civil War under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell; supporters of Charles II (uncrowned heir) challenged the Commonwealth but Cromwell crushed the uprising; Catholics were exiled; fun banned; it all ended when Cromwell died; Charles II followed |
| Levellers | group that thought that poor men should have as much to say in government as the gentry, lawyers and other citizens (during the Commonwealth) |
| Charles II (England) | followed the Commonwealth (the Restoration); popular ruler; got rid of the strict Puritan laws (boring ones); reestablished Church of England; accepted the Petition of Right but believed in absolute monarchy; eventually dissolved Parliament; secretly Catholic |
| James II (England) | successor of Charles II (his brother) (the Restoration); openly Catholic; angered subjects by randomly suspending laws and appointing Catholics to high office (subjects mostly Protestant); dissolved Parliament; fled to France when William and Mary came (Glorious Revolution) |
| William and Mary | Mary: James II Protestant daughter married to William: Protestant, Dutch king became the rulers of England after James II (Glorious Revolution) (get asked to by subjects); signed the English Bill of Rights |
| English Bill of Rights | series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament; accepted by William and Mary |
| limited monarchy | government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers |
| natural law/natural rights | rules of conduct discoverable by reason/ right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property |
| Thomas Hobbes | 1588-1679; English; wrote "Leviathan"; thought humans born evil and selfish and needed a strong central authority to control disorder; believed in social contract; had a secular justification for absolute monarchy |
| John Locke | 1632-1704; English; wrote "Two Treaties on Government"; thought people are naturally reasonable, moral; believed in natural rights and that people had the right to overthrow their government if maltreated. |
| social contract | an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos |
| philosophe | French for "philosopher"; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment |
| salon | informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas |
| Baron de Montesquieu | 1689-1755; French; wrote "Spirit of the Laws"; believed in the separaation of powers between legislative (commons), judicial (aristocracy) and executive (monarchy) also checks and balances |
| Voltaire | 1694-1778; French; wrote "Candite"; attacked the "Old Regime"; critic of the Catholic Church; separation of church and state; thought enlightenment monarch could institute reform; religious toleration and freedom of speech |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 1712-1788; French; wrote "Social Contract"; people are naturally good; informal contract among the people themselves; importance of education; state represents the good will of the state; limited government, ruled by educated |
| laissez faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference |
| ancien régime | old order; system of government in pre-revolution France |
| estates | social class French Revolution: First Estate- clergy, Second Estate- nobles, Third Estate- bourgeoisie, peasants, and city workers |
| bourgeoisie | the middle class (French Revolution) part of the Third Estate |
| Louis XV | bad monarch: continued to increase debt (after Louis XIV), debauchery at court, fought Seven Years' War (Bristish vs. French, Austrians and Russians), lost land in New France |
| Louis XVI | weak leader, frivolous activities (hunted during starvation period), France was almost bankrupt, people disliked wife (Marie Antoinette) |
| Jacques Necker | Financial Minister in France; needed new source of revenue during increasing debt: suggests property taxes on all estates |
| Estates-General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-Revolutionary France |
| cahier | notebook used during the French Revolution to record grievances |
| Tennis Court Oath | famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France; vowed not to leave until France had a constitution |
| Bastille | fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789 |
| Declaration of Rights | outlined basic freedoms held by all; speech, assembly, religion, no arbitrary arrest and punishment; asserted the sovereignty of the people (as a first step to writing a constitution) |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | issued in 1790 (France); made bishops and priests become elected, salaried officials; ended papal authority over the French Church; dissolved convents and monasteries; many bishops and priests refused to accept it (made by National Assembly) |
| "Great Fear" | caused by rumors; spread panic; peasants unleashed their fury on nobles; they set fire to old manor records and stole grain from storehouses (in France) |
| Olympe de Gouges | a woman journalist that was mad that the Declaration of Rights of Man didn't grant equal citizenship to women; demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen; later was imprisoned and then executed |
| Marie Antoinette | Austrian born queen; married to Louis XVI; subjects hated her because of her 'fake' servant life; led an extravagant and expensive life |
| émigré | person who flees his or her country for political reasons |
| sans-culotte | working-class man or woman who made the French Revolution more radical; called such because he or she wore long trousers instead of the fancy knee breeches that the upper class wore |
| republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
| Reign of Terror | time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed |
| Jacobins | member of a radical political club during the French Revolution; made the National Convention |
| guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading |
| Maximilien Robespierre | a shrewd lawyer and politician that quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety; nicknamed "the incorruptible" because of his selfless dedication to the revolution; believed like Rousseau; hated the old regime; used terror; base of the Reign of Terror; got arrested and then executed |
| suffrage | right to vote |
| Directory | after the Reign of Terror; was set up by the Constitution of 1795; made up of 5-man house; weak but dictatorial; faced growing discontent; turned to Napoleon |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | popular military hero; military seized power, destroyed Directory; formed the Consulate; good: Louisiana Purchase; Napoleon Code; National bank, collected taxes, set up new schools bad: French Empire unable to conquer Britain; Continental System failed; suffers major defeat in Russia and the against the Grand Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Britain and Russia) |
| Consulate | created Constitution of Year VIII; headed by 3 consuls: Napoleon was 1st consul but then took complete control of government; then made himself consul for life; then crowned himself emperor |
| Napoleon Code | body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as model for many nations' civil codes; forbade privledges based on birth; freedom of religion; government jobs go to most qualified |
| Continental System | blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful |
| Battle of Waterloo | Napoleon just came back form being exiled; day-long war against British and Prussian forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington and General Blücher; Napoleon exiled again after |
| Congress of Vienna | assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together; met from September 1814 to June 1815 (redrew a map of Europe) |
| peninsulares | members of the highest class in Spain's colonies in the Americas |
| creoles | person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendent of Spanish settlers |
| mestizos | person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and European descent |
| mulattoes | in Spain's colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European descent |
| Simón Bolívar | (Venezuelan) a young creole who traveled to Europe during the French Revolution and was inspired by the ideas of "liberty, equality, and fraternity"; by 1808 saw Spain as weak (because of Napoleon) and took the opportunity to reject foreign domination and demand independence from colonial rule; was exiled twice; came up with plan to attack Spanish at Bogotá (led army there); more victories; called :the liberator" |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | led the revolt in Haiti of the slaves; had French, Spanish and British armies after them because of land; won; slavery was abolished and owned most of the land; Napoleon tried to reconquer but had to agree to a truce; Toussaint was captured; French surrendered; got renamed Haiti; then a republic |
| Father Miguel Hidalgo | a creole priest in Mexico; said the "Grito": called Mexicans to fight for independence; got a small army together even some creoles but then they dropped out; some early successes; Hidalgo captured and executed (followers scattered) |
| Father José Morelos | a metizo priest (Mexican); 4 years he led rebel forces before he was captured and shot in 1815 |
| José de San Martín | a creole (Argentinian) went to Europe for military training (general) helped Argentina win victory from Spain; helped other places too; defeated the Spanish in Chile and Peru |
| Rise of Absolutism | Decline of Feudalism- the power of lords and knights decreased Decline of the Catholic- people's loyalty goes towards the king and queen because the church is questioned Growth of the Middle Class/City-life-when you have a large metropolitan area you need someone to control it, the church isn't so they turn toward the king Constant Warfare- during the time of war you need a leader to plan everything, so king steps up to unify his people to fight in the war Social Fragmentation- you are born a serf, knight or lord but not anymore the social make up of Europe changed after the Renaissance so people needed a unified leader Establishment of Foreign Colonies- the places people find then make colonies and they have to give credit to someone: the king, you need someone to look up to, also fund the voyages |
| Glorious Revolution | when James II fled to France when William and Mary came with army (no blood shed) |
| The French Revolution | Phase 1: Estates-General, National Assembly, Storming of Bastille Phase 2: Legislative Assembly, Declaration of Rights, National Convention Phase 3: Reign of Terror Phase 4: Directory Phase 5: Napoleon/ End of Revolution |
| Impact of French Revolution | sparked nationalist feelings and abolished the Holy Roman Empire, leading to the creation of Germany. Napoleon's decision to sell the Louisiana Territory doubled the size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion |
| Impact of Congress of Vienna | restored stability and order in Europe; established a balance of power; redrew the map of Europe |
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