Western Civ II Test 1 Terms, etc...
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | period of rebirth in Europe that started in Italy and included Humanism and new art forms |
| city-state | urban center and its surrounding areas that were centers of buisness and trade; the Italian ones had the dispossable wealth and patrons to begin the Renaissance |
| republican government | type of government in which power is exercised by representatives chosen by the people |
| secularism | focus on the individual instead of God, seperatig religion from other things |
| patrons of the arts | wealthy individuals, pope's and city governments that funded artists and encouraged creativity |
| October 31, 1517 | the day that Luther tacked the 95 theses on the door of the church |
| appeal of Lutheranism | Germans believed by supporting it they were freeing Germany from foreign domination and the printing press allowed it to spread rapidly |
| Institutes of Christian Religion | book written by John Calvin that became the leading textbook on theology |
| Caravel | fast sailing ship that made the Age of Exploration possible |
| peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class |
| agriculture in Europe | three field system was abandoned and comman lands were enclosed forcing peasants off the land and subsentance farming gave way to commercial agriculture |
| frescos | paintings done on wet plaster and then allowed to dry (ex. Sistene Chapel) |
| Brethren of the Common Life | one of the most advanced religious movements that combined Mystical Piety with Humanism; this is how Eramus was educated |
| Protestants | followers of Luther and others who defied the Catholic Church |
| Hugenots | French Protestants that were the participants and victims of decades of relgious wars that ended with their defeat |
| salvation by faith | the idea that belief in salvation by God and not by church rituals |
| slave economy | the basis for European financial success in the new world |
| encomiendo system | System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills |
| mestizos | people of mixed European and Indian blood in the New World |
| 17th century trade | became a world economy, each European country had its own trading empire |
| Humanism | secular movement in education and culture that stressed the importance of the individual and was based on Ancient Greek and Roman literature |
| condottieri | leaders of mercenary troops who often seized power of cities during emergencies |
| predestination | Calvinist idea that God had already decided who the elect were |
| Puritanism | movement that sought to purify the church that they believed had become corrupt |
| Anabaptists | largest group of the radical reformation in England and France and they proclaimed that the day of judgement was close and led a revolution to try and overthrow France, and they were rebaptisized as adults |
| Jesuits | founded by Ignatius Loyola and also known as the Society of Jesus, sought to win back people to Catholocism |
| inquisition | the Catholic church court that dealt with Heretics who even they were unrepentive were subject to death or imprisonment |
| indulgences | payments to be given for paying for sins |
| world economy | the countries of western Euirope had taken control of basically the entire world |
| Azores | islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal |
| sugar islands | islands in the Carribean where slaves fermented sugar crops |
| criollos | A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents |
| price revolution | unprecedented inflation in Europe resulting in part from the gold and silver brought over from the new world |
| merchantilism | the theory that the wealth and power of a country depended on a favorable amount of trade, more importants that exports |
| open field system | pattern of peseant rights in the common land |
| putting out system | merchant capatilist buy raw materials from English landlords and take it to near by villages to be made |
| Hapsburgs | divided between the Austrian and Spainish ones that had lots of land across Europe |
| Spanish Armada | fleet of ships that were raised by Philip II that went the England to take it back for Catholocism but they were defeated |
| Principles of Mathematics | book written by Newton that included his 3 Laws of Motion |
| convertible husbandry | method of farming in the Netherlands that increased production |
| Dutch East India Company | helped create their trading empire, established trading posts in islands of the East Indies |
| Holy Roman Empire | ruled by Austrian Hapsburgs, included presnt day Germany, Austria |
| absolutism | form of government in which one body usually the monarch controlls the right to make war, tax, judge and coin money |
| Restoration Era | period in England after the eleven years without a king when Charles II was brought in as monarch |
| inductive method | Aka: Empirical Method; advocated by Bacon; careful observation of nature, accumulation of data, drawing general laws from knowledge and testing these laws through experimentation; mostly used in science |
| deductive method | Aka: Rational Method; advocated by Descartes; truths are derived in successive steps from first principles; mostly used in math |
| capitalism | system in which the economic decisions (what, how much, where and what price to produce, buy and sell) are made by private individuals |
| "reconquista" | taking back the last Muslim controlled area of Spain, and it was done by Ferdinand and Isabella |
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