Biology CH 16 and 18
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Created by:
Tmillhouse on January 29, 2012
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Evolution | The process of change over time |
| Fossils | Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms |
| Artificial selection | Nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful |
| Adaption | An organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Fitness | How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Natural Selection | process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring |
| Biogeography | The study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived in the past |
| Homologous Structures | Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor |
| Analogous Structures | Body parts that share a common function, but not structure |
| Vestigial Structures | Structures inherited from ancestors, but that have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendant |
| Binomial Nomenclature | In..........Each species is assigned a two part scientific name |
| Genus | A group of similar species |
| Systematics | To organize living things into groups that have biological meaning |
| Taxa | Referring to the Systematics |
| Family | Several Genera that share similarities are grouped into a larger category |
| Order | Closely Related families are grouped into the next larger rank |
| Class | Similar orders are grouped into the next larger rank |
| Phylum | Classes are grouped into a........ |
| Kingdom | The largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's Taxonomic categories |
| Phylogeny | The study of how living and extinct organisms are related to one another |
| Clade | A group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all different descendants of that ancestor, living and extinct |
| Monophyletic Group | A clade must be a....... and include a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
| Cladogram | Links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages branched off from common ancestors |
| Derived Character | A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants |
| Domain | Larger more inclusive category than a kingdom |
| Hutton's Theory of geological change | Top layers of rock are newer than the lower layers Allowed for relative dating of layers New layers form slowly Age of earth is older than thought |
| Lyell's Principles of geology | Processes happening on earth today always happened and at the same rate |
| Lamark's theory of Evolution | 1, Tendency- towards perfection 2, Use and Disuse 3, Inheritance of acquired traits |
| Malthus's Population Growth | Babies born faster than people die Only thing keeping population in check was War Disease Famine Resources |
| Struggle for existence | More are born than there are resources, fight for resources |
| Variation and adaptation | -All creatures exhibit natural variation -Adaptation- any heritable characteristics that increase survival |
| Embryology | Similar pattern of embryo development |
| Common Genetic Code | All use DNA Use same Codons for amino acids |
| Taxonomy- | Process of classifying creatures |
| 1, Kingdom 2, Phylum 3, Class 4, Order 5, Family 6, Genus 7, Species | 7 levels of taxonomy |
| , Species | any two organisms that can mate and produce fertile off spring |
| Dichotomous key | Way to identify any object through a series of steps involving only 2 choices per step |
| Aristotle | Plants/ animals- motion |
| Linnaeus | Physical, anatomy |
| Darwin | Common ancestor |
| Phylogeny | descent with modification |
| Archaebacteria | Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell walls- Peptidoglycan Most anaerobic Autotroph+ Herterotroph |
| Eubacteria | Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell walls- Peptidoglycan Anaerobic or aerobic Autotrophs+ Heterotrophs |
| Protists | Eukaryotic Uni and multicellular Cell walls or none Anerobic- Autotrophs and hetertrophs |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic Uni + Multicellular Cell walls - Chitin Heterotropic Aerobic+ Some Anaerobic |
| Plantae | Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell walls- Cellulose Autotrophs Aerobic |
| Animalia | Eukaryotic Multicellular NO CELL WALLS Heterotrophic Aerobic |
| Young Earth Theory | Literal account of Bible 7 Days of creation of universe Universe only 1000s years old |
| Gap-Age Theory | Large gap between Genesis 1:1 + 1:2 -7 Days of creation - Universe can be old |
| Day age Theory | Each day of creation is an undetermined period of time God actively created during period |
| Theistic Evolution | God plays a role in helping evolution along May or may not have started life |
| Intelligent Design Theory | A higher power is responsible for life Evolution/ creation |
| Linnaeus | Binomial nomenclature 2 Names- Latin- dead language First name- Genus CAPITALIZED 2nd name- species -all lower case Italicized or underlined Homo sapien |
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