Spring Anatomy Heart
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 heart | continually pumps blood with oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to all cells of the body |
| pericardium | double-walled sac enclosing the heart, protects the heart, anchors it, and prevents blood from over filling the heart outer- (parietal) fibrous made of dense connective tissue inner- (visceral) serous, epicardium |
| pericardial cavity | between the parietal and visceral layer of the serous pericardium, contains a film of fluid that allows the membranes to slide smoothly during heart activity |
| pericaritis | inflammation of the pericardium that makes the serous membrane rough and creates a creaking sound when listened to in a stethoscope (pericardial friction rub) |
| epicardium | visceral layer of the serous pericardium, simple squamous with areolar connective beneath |
| myocardium | bulk of the heart that contracts (cardiac muscle), each muscle is connected by branches of connective tissue called Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart, reinforces and anchors |
| endocardium | lines the heart chambers and covers valves, continuous with the epithelial linings of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart |
| atria | chambers of the heart, a left and a right, receiving chambers |
| right atrium | shallow depression called the fossa ovalis, blood enters from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
| left atrium | blood enters from the pulmonary veins |
| auricles | protruding appendages that increase atrial volume |
| pectinate muscles | bundles of muscles on the inferior portion of the atria |
| ventricles | chambers of the heart, a left and a right, discharging chambers, internal walls have irregular ridges of muscles called trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles connect to valves by chordae tendinae |
| right ventricle | blood leaves through the pulmonary trunk (artery) of the lungs |
| left ventricle | blood leaves through the aorta to the body |
| tricuspid valve | btwn the right atrium and right ventricle |
| bicuspid valve | mitral, btwn the left atrium and left ventricle |
| coronary circulation | keeping the heart supplied with blood |
| coronary arteries | peak blood flow occurs when ventricles relax, blood in the aorta briefly surges toward the heart filling the coronary arteries |
| angina pectoris | deficiency of blood delivery to the heart, stress induced spasms of the coronary arteries cause pain, myocardial cells are weakened |
| myocardial infarction | heart attack, prolonged coronary blockage, myocardial cells die, most area of cell death are repaired with scar tissue |
| heart valves | flow through the heart is unidirectional because of heart valves |
| atroventricular vavles | (AV valves), R- tricuspid valve, L- bicuspid valve, collagen chords attach to the valve flaps to papillary muscles |
| semilunar valves | pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve |
| cardiac cells | striates, short, branched and interconnected, 1 or 2 nuclei, less SR than skeletal muscle, larger T-tubules than skeletal, lots of mitochondria |
| intercalated disc | connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cardiac cells, made of desmosomes and gap junctions |
| desmosomes | hold cells together, prevent cardiac cells from pulling apart during contraction |
| gap junctions | form channels that allow flow of ions from the sarcoplasm of one cell to a connecting cell allowing electrical stimulation |
| fascia adherins | thick band of myofilaments, anchor to plasma membrane |
| cardiac contraction | more mitochondria means it depends greatly on oxygen for metabolism, relies on aerobic respiration, uses glucose and fatty acids as fuel molecules but can switch to whatever is available for use, not prone to fatigue |
| autorhythmic cells | do not maintain stable resting potential, continually depolarize-Pacemaker Potentials |
| Pacemaker Potential | initiate the action potentials that spread throughout the heart to trigger contraction |
| Sinoatrial Node | (SA Node), right atrium wall, fastest depolarization rate in the myocardium, pacemaker of the heart |
| Atroventricular Node | (AV Node) located in the interatrial septum, depolarization wave spreads throughout the atria and via the internodal pathway |
| Bundle of His | Atriventricular Bundle, interventricular septum, R and L atrioventricular bundle branches, goes through the interventricular septum toward the apex |
| Purkinje Fibers | specialized fibers that run through the ventricular walls, directly supplies the papillary muscle, contracts before the ventricles contract |
| arrhythmias and fibrilation | rapid and irregular contractions; control of heart rhythm is take away from the SA node |
| ectopic focus | any region other than SA node that fires |
| Autonomic Nervous System | modify heart rate sympathetic- adrenergic, increase rate and force of heart beat parasympathetic- cholinergic, slows heart rate |
| epinepherine | released by adrenal medulla, produces same cariac effects as norepinepherine |
| thyroxine | released from thyroid, increases metabolic rate and body heat production, causes a slower more sustained increase in heart rate than epinepherine and enhances the effects of epinepherine and norepinepherine |
| ions | plasma electrolytic imbalances pose danger to the heart Ca++ imbalance effects heart rate K+ imbalance can be life threatening |
| Electrocariograph | ECG, detects electrical current generated and transmitted through the heart |
| electrocardiogram | record of the electrical current through the heart, 'picture' of the heart's activity |
| heart sounds | lub- dub, closing of valves lub- AV closes dub- semilunar closes |
| heart murmur | abnormal heart sounds, common in children bc heart walls are still relatively thin and vibrate more easily when the blood moves, indicate valve trouble |
| tachycardia | abnormally FAST heart beat, greater than 100 beats per min, promotes fibrillation results from: elevate temp, stress, drugs, disease |
| bradycardia | heart beat is too LOW, lower than 60 beats per min, desirable consequence of endurance training- resting rate may be lower but the heart is still putting out the same output in poorly conditioned people- can lead to bad blood circulation |
| cardiac output | CO, amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one min, not constant, varies with activity |
| coronary atherosclerosis | heart failure- blockage of coronary vessels with fatty build up, cant deliver nutrients/waste, contractions are less effective |
| persistent high blood pressure | heart failure- aortic diastole, L ventricle exerts only slightly over the amount its supposed to, has to work a lot harder to open valves and pump |
| multiple myocardium infarct | heart failure- pumping defficiency is depressed bc the heart cells are replaced by scar tissues |
| dilated cardiomyopathy | DCM, heart failure- ventricles stretch and become flabby, myocardium deteriorates, heart working too hard and not getting good output |
| pulmonary congestion | heart failure- L side of heart fails so R side sends blood to the lungs but L side is no longer circulating, so blood is stuck in lungs, pressure increases and fluid leaks into the lungs, suffocation |
| peripheral congestion | heart failure- blood stagnates in organs, impairs cells to obtain nutrients/oxygen, noticeable in feet, fingers, ankles |
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