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melody succession of single tones or pitches perceived by the mind as unity (tune/line, horizontal) interval distance and relationship between 2 pitches/tones pitch highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the frequency range distance between the highest and lowest tones of a melody, instrument or voice-span of pitches conjunct smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals (stepwise, no leaps) disjunct disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps phrase musical unit, a component of a melody (like a sentence-units of melodies) cadence resting place in a musical phrase, musical punctuation (resting point at end of phrase) question phrase sounds incomplete answer phrase sounds complete terms for quality of melody (2) 1. conjunct 2. disjunct countermelody an accompanying melody sounded against the principal melody counterpoint the art of combining in a single texture 2 or more melodic lines-MUSICAL LINE AGAINST ANOTHER-TO UNITE POLYPHONIC harmony the simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords (vertical element)-gives depth chord simultaneous combination of 3 or more tones that constitute a single block of harmony scale series of tones in ascending or descending order-PRESENTATION OF ALL NOTES IN KEY IN ORDER octave interval between 2 tones 7 diatonic pitches apart-purest interval triad common chord type, consisting of 3 pitches built on alternate tones of the scale (3 notes sounding at once) tonic chord triad built on the first scale tone (sounds complete)-"do" home base ROMAN NUMERAL I tonality principle organization around central tone, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale major scale contains 7 different tones that comprise a specific pattern of whole and half steps *3rd degree raised half a step-HAPPY SOUNDING minor scale 7 different tones that comprise a specific pattern of whole and half steps. *3rd degree lowered half a step-SAD SOUNDING diatonic melody or harmony built from the 7 tones of a major or minor scale. encompasses patterns of 7 whole tones and semitones-PITCHES IN MAJOR/MINOR SCALE chromatic melody or harmony built from many 12 semitones of the octave, ascending and descending sequence of semitones-PITCHES OUTSIDE OF SCALE (playing in minor ending on major) dissonance combination of tones that sounds discordant and unstable, in need of resolution (clashing harmony)-TENSION consonance concordant or harmonious combo of tones that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music (pleasing harmony ex. triad)-RELAXATION dominant chord (strongest pull back to tonic) ROMAN NUMERAL V half cadence ends on dominant, question phrase authentic cadence ends on tonic, answer phrase texture interweaving of melodic and harmonic elements monophonic single line texture or melody (1 melody no harmony or accompany) polyphonic 2 or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture (several melodies or lines combined-2 INDEPENDENT MELODIC LINES JOINED) homophonic texture with principle melody and accompanying harmony (1. tune & accompany 2. homorhythm) types of polyphonic/counterpoint 1. imitative 2. non-imitative imitation melodic idea presented in one voice and then restated in another (copy-cat) canon type of polyphonic composition that is strictly imitation only tune and accompaniment homophonic: melody w/ subordinate accompaniment homorhythm homophonic: multiple melodies of same rhythm together, move together types of harmony (2) 1. consonance 2. dissonance rhythm what moves music forward in time-movement beat basic unit of rhythm-pulse that divides time into equal segments meter organization of beats-marked off in measures-organizes the flow measure contains a fixed # of beats, 1st beat usually receives strongest accent duple meter alternate strong beat with weak beat one-two-one-two triple meter 3 beats to a measure-1 strong 2 weak beats quadruple meter 4 beats to measure-primary accent on 1st beat and secondary accent on 3rd upbeat begins on the last beat of the measure (beat before downbeat) syncopation deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of accentuation-accent shifted to a weak beat-throws off regular pattern form structure/shape via repetition, contrast and variation strophic form sung in verses variation between repetition and contrast, some aspects are altered but original is recognizable-TAKE THEME THEN VARY IT binary form statement and departure w/o return to opening II:A:II:B:II A:1-5 B:5-1 ternary form statement and departure w/ return to opening A-B-A theme melody building blocks into larger work-TOPIC OF MELODY sequence repetition where idea is restated in higher or lower pitch motive melody or theme broken into component parts-smallest fragment-forms melodic-rhythmic unit movement division of large scale work (stand alone piece of work) timbre differences in the sound quality of instruments register specific area in range of an instrument or voice (low, middle, high) a capella voices only, no instrumental accompaniment voice a single line of music, you sing with it part a single line of music, music for a certain instrument to perform instrumental music no voices only instruments string instruments chordophones (bowed and plucked), violin, viola, violoncella, double bass woodwind instruments aerophones brass instruments aerophones: trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba embouchure oral mechanism of lips, lower facial muscles, and jaw for brass instrument playing percussion idiophones and membranophones chamber music ensemble music for small groups, one player per part orchestra any performing body of diverse instruments genre categories of music style distinctive features of artwork symphony genre of 4 movement orchestral work gregorian chant single melody, monophonic (no harmony or counterpoint), NONMETRIC direct chant sung straight through responsorial chant alternate between soloist and choir antiphonal chant 2 choirs singing from different places in church nonmetric no rhythm-sing like you speak 1. syllabic 2. melismatic 3. neumatic text setting (3) syllabic one note per syllable melismatic many notes to one syllable neumatic 2-3 notes per syllable proper mass changes daily ordinal mass used everyday in every mass organum polyphonic music, addition of 2nd voice to Gregorian melody at interval of 5th or 4th motet polyphonic d/t addition of new texts to melismatic organum (PIECE EXTRACTED FROM ORGANUM & GIVEN OWN WORDS FOR 2 UPPER VOICES) requiem mass mass for dead/funeral DIES IRAE 1. kyrie 2. gloria 3. credo 4. sanctus 5. agnus dei parts of mass (5) plagal cadence "amen" mass daily service concluding in the Eucharist liturgy prescribed set of words, songs, prayers, and actions in public church service kyrie melismatic ordinal mass credo syllabic mass portion plianchant sang at funeral Dies Irae strophic form in verses rondeau, ballade, virelei poetic forms in secular monophony half step 2 notes next to each other whole step 2 notes with one in the middle flat half step DOWN sharp half step UP key a set of notes that focus on a tonic pitch 1st note in scale tonic note 5th note in scale dominant note related key key different by 1 note of less (ex. 1#) major scale notation wwhwwwh minor scale notation whwwhww relative minor same keys in major and minor scales purest interval 4, 5, 8 intervals major/minor intervals 2, 3, 6, 7 downbeat strong beat of measure at beginning of group andante walking speed moderato moderate adagio slow largo slower than adagio (very slow) grave dead slow alegro fast vivace lively presto very fast 1. grave 2. largo 3. adagio 4. andante 5. moderato 6. alegro 7. vivace 8. presto order of tempo from slowest to fastest (8 speeds) piano soft forte loud 1. pianissimo 2. piano 3. mezzo piano 4. mezzo forte 5. forte 6. fortissimo order of dynamics in order from softest to loudest chanson French polyphonic song tempo rate or speed of music dynamics loudness or softness music is played at