| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| DNA | nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual to nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| Anti-codon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| Transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| Translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| Intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| Exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
| Evolution | Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended form ancient organisms |
| descent with modification | Principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time |
| struggle for existence | Competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life |
| fitness | Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| adaptation | Inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
| Anti-codon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| Transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| Translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| radial symmetry | body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body |
| Motile | being able to move |
| Aquatic | living in water |
| Terrestrial | living on land |
| Sessile | stuck in one place (unable to move) |
| Endoskeleton | structural support located inside the body of an animal |
| Exoskeleton | external skeleton; tough external covering the protects and supports the body of many invertebrates |
| Bryophyte | nonvascular plant (moss) |
| Xylem | vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots every part of a plant |
| Phloem | vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis |
| Gymnosperm | seed plants that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of cones |
| Angiosperm | flowering plant; be4ars its seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed |
| Fruit | wall of tissue surrounding an angiosperm seed (ovaries) |
| Monocot | angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon |
| Dicot | angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledon |
| Carpel | innermost part of a flower that produces the female gametophytes |
| Stamen | male part of the flower; made up of an anther and a filament |
| Pollination | transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure |
| cotyledon | first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant |
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