Chapter 7, 8, 9 Overall Review
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nathan_sweat on January 30, 2012
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 2 types of bone tissues? | -Compact Bone -Cancellous (Spongy) Bone |
| What are the 4 types of bone? | -Long -Short -Flat -Irregular |
| 6 different parts that make up the long bone? | -Diaphysis -Epiphysis -Articular Cartilage -Periosteum -Medullary Cavity -Endosteum |
| What does the extracellular matrix of bone consist of? | -2/3 inorganic salts -1/3 organic material (ground substance) |
| What are the three methods of measuring bone density? | -Bone Biopsy -DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry -RA (radiographic absorptiometry) |
| What is the haversian system? | Cylinder-shaped structural units |
| What are the 4 structures that make up the Haversian system? | -Lamellae -Lacunae -Canaliculi -Haversian Canal |
| What is the main purpose for the Haversian system? | -Delivery of nutrients -Removal of waste products |
| What is the purpose of the Volkmann canals? | Canals that contain nerves and vessels that carry blood and lymph from the exterior surface of the bone to the Osteon |
| What are the needlelike bony spicules found in Cancellous bone? | Trabeculae |
| What are the three bone cells? | -Osteoblasts -Osteoclasts -Osteocytes |
| What do Osteoblast's secrete? | -Osteoid (organic matrix) |
| What is the purpose of Osteoclasts? | Responsible for active erosion of bone minerals |
| What are the 4 functions of calcium? | -Bone formation -Blood Clotting -Transmission of Nerve impulses -Maintenance of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction |
| What are the homeostatic relationships between osteoblasts and osteoclasts? | Osteoclasts decreases bone matrix to increase calcium in the blood, Osteoblasts take calcium from the blood to form bone decreasing calcium in the blood to maintain homeostatic balance of blood calcium. |
| What are the two regulatory hormones of blood calcium levels? | Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin |
| How do bones grow through intramembranous ossification? | Appositional growth |
| What are the two different centers for bone growth in Endochondral ossification? | -Primary Ossification Center (Diaphysis) -Secondary Ossification Center (Epiphyses) |
| What is the Epipesial Plate? | -Layer of cartilages that is between each epiphysis and the diaphysis |
| What is the age range where bone gain oustrips bone loss? | 35-40 years old |
| What are the three stages of fracture healing? | -Formation of FX hematoma -Formation of internal and external callus -Bone Remodeling Complete |
| What is the differences between bone and cartilage? | -Bone is vascular and rigid and cemented -Cartilage is avascular, flexible, firm gel |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? | -Hyaline -Elastic -Fibrocartilage |
| Where can you find hyaline cartilage? | -Tip of nose -Articular surfaces of bones -Costal Cartilages -Ring of trachea -Bronchi of lungs |
| Where can you find elastic cartilage? | -External ear -Epiglottis -Eustachian tubes |
| Where can you find fibrocartilage? | -Symphysis pubis -Interverbreal discs -Near points of attachments of most bones |
| What are the different kinds of nutritional deficiencies? | -Vitamin A and protein deficiency decrease the thickness of ephyseal plates in growing long bones of young children -Vitamin D deficiency increases in thickness but fails to calcify(bones bend or bow) |
| How many bones are in the adult skeleton? | 206 |
| What are the two different divisions of the skeleton? | -Axial -Appendicular |
| How many bones in the Axial skeleton? | 80 |
| how many bones in the Appendicular skeleton? | 126 |
| What is a sinus? | Mucosa lined air filled space |
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? | -Frontal -Sphenoidal -Ethmoidal -Maxillary |
| What are the 8 names of the Cranial bones? | -Frontal -Temporal (2) -Parietal (2) -Occipital -Sphenoid -Ethmoid |
| What are the 4 sutures of the cranium? | -Squamous -Coronal -Lambdoidal -Sagittal |
| What are the joints the Occipital bone creates (4 joints 1 movable and 3 immovable)? | -3 Immovable Joints with (Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid) -1 Movable Joints with (1st Cervial Vertebra) |
| What serves as the keystone bone of the cranium? | Sphenoid bone |
| What lies anterior to the sphenoid bone and is an irregular bone? | The Ethmoid bone |
| What is the cribriform plate? | -Seperates the Nasal and Cranial Cavities -Olfactory nerve perforates small openings in Plate |
| What is a potential hazard of a fracture of the cribriforme plate? | Possible for potentially infections material to pass directly from the nasal cavity into the cranial fossa |
| What is the keystone bone of the face? | Maxillae |
| What is the largest and strongest bone of the face? | Mandible |
| What are the only single bones in the face? | -Mandible -Vomer |
| What contains the Nasolacrimal duct? | Lacrimal bone |
| What forms the posterior portion of the hard pallet? | Palatine bones |
| What are fontanels? | ... |
| Why do we have fontanels? | -Ease for baby passing through the birth canal -Allow rapid brain growth |
| What is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone? | Hyoid bone |
| What makes up the vertebral column? (superior to inferior) | -7 Cervical -12 Thoracic -5 Lumbar -Sacrum -Coccyx |
| What is the vertebral foramen? | Central opening in vertebra from C1-L5 Not the sacrum or coccyx |
| What is C1 | Atlas |
| What is C2 | Axis |
| What is the peg like projection on the axis? | Dens (Odontoid Process) |
| What are the 3 parts of the sternum? | -Manubrium -Body -Xiphoid process |
| What are the true ribs? | Ribs 1-7 connect directly to sternum |
| What are the false ribs? | Ribs 8-10 connect to costal cartilage of rib above it (7) |
| What are the floating ribs? | Ribs 11-12 don't attach to anything |
| What is known as a Thoracic Cage or Thorax? | -12 Pairs of ribs -Vertibral Column -Sternum - |
| What does the shoulder girdle consist of? | -Clavicle -Scapula |
| What are the bones of the upper extremity from proximal to distal? | -Humerus -Radius -Ulna -Carpals -Metacarpals -Phalanges |
| What forms the distal lateral aspect of the humerus? | Capitulum |
| What forms the distal medial aspect of the humerus? | Trochlea |
| Where do the radius and ulna articulate proximally? | -Ulna and radius articulate at the radial notch |
| What are the distal articulations of the radus and ulna? | Distally at fibrocartilaginous disk (Ulna doesn't articulate with any of the carpal bones) |
| What are the 8 capal bones? | -Pisiform -Triquetrum -Lunate -Scaphoid -Trapezium -Trapezoid -Capitate -Hamate |
| What are the metacarpal bones for? | They form the framework of the hand |
| Why does the thumb have great significance? | Due to the ability to oppose the thumb to the fingers |
| What are the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle? | -Ilium -Ischium -Pubis (pubic bone) |
| What are the two imaginary planes that divide the pelvis? | -Pelvic Inlet -Pelvic Outlet |
| Explain both planes page 292 | ... |
| What are the bones of the lower extremities proximal to distal? | -Femur -Tibia -Fibula -Tarsals -Metatarsals -Phalanges |
| What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | Femur |
| What type of arch construction make a highly stable base? | Two way arch |
| What are the 7 tarsal bones? | -Talus -Navicular -Cuboid -Calcaneus -Cuneiforms (3) |
| What are the differences between the male and female skeleton? | -Bones heavier and thicker -Facial area more pronounced -Male pelvis deep and funnel-shapped with narrow (sub pubic angle less than 90 degrees) -Female pelvis shallow, broad, and flaring with wider subpubic angle (greater than 90 degrees) |
| What is Osgood-Schlatters disease? | -Avulsion fracture of the Tibial tuberosity -Common in adolescent athletes |
| What are the sign's and symptoms of a fracture? | -Pain -Loss of function or false motion -Soft tissue edema -Deformity -Crepitus |
| What is the definition of Mastoiditis? | Inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone |
| What is a point of contact between two bones? | Articulation |
| What are the two classifications of joints? | Structural Functional |
| Know which joints are movable, immovable, and freely movable (Page 312; Table 9-1) | ... |
| What are the 7 structures that make up synovial joints? | -Joint Capsul -Synovial Membrane -Articular Cartilage -Joint Cavity -Menisci -Ligaments -Bursae |
| Know table 9-3 page 317 | ... |
| What is the glenoidal labrum? | Narrow rim of Fibro cartilage around the glenoid cavity |
| What do the rotator cuff muscles do? | Form a cufflike arrangement around the shoulder joint |
| Who commonly injures their rotator cuffs? | Baseball pitchers |
| What is the dislocation of the radial head called? | Pulled elbow |
| What forms the wrist joint? | -Radius -Lunate -Scaphoid |
| What are the PIP joints? | -Proximal Interphalangeal Joints -Joints between the proximal and middle phalanges |
| What are the DIP joints? | -Distal Interphalangeal Joints -Joints between the middle and distal phalanges |
| What is the socket of the hip bone into which the femur head fits? | Acetabulum |
| What are the three ligaments that hold the hip in place? | -Iliofemoral Ligament -Pubofemoral Ligament -Ischiofemoral Ligament |
| What is the largest and most frequently injured joint of the body? | Knee |
| What do the ACL and PCL do | Prevent anterior and posterior movement |
| What do the LCL (fibular collateral ligament) and MCL (Tibial Collateral ligament) do? | Prevent medial and lateral movement |
| What is known as "housemaid's knee"? | Prepatellar bursitis |
| What make up the ankle joint? | -Medial Malleolus -Lateral Malleolus -Talus |
| What is the definition of a herniated disk? | Sudden compression by exertion or trauma where the central core (nucleus pulposus) pushes through the disk's outer rim called the annulus (annulus fibrosus) |
| Know all of the ROM page 330-336 | ... |
| What is the difference between a sprain and strain? | Sprain ligament Strain muscle |
| What are the 3 types of Inflammatory Joint Disease? | -Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) -Gouty Arthritis |
| What abnormal spinal curvature is seen in the lumbar section also known as "sway back"? | Lordosis |
| What is an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature of the spine? | Kyphosis (hunchback) |
| What is the abnormal side-to-side curvature in the spine called? | Scoliosis |
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