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Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a group of organisms gene pool total aggregate of all the genes in a population sedimentary rock fossils are found here synapomorphic characteristic derived or unique to a group cyanobacteria organisms that caused the oxygen revolution mezozoic era of time 70-230 mya catastrophism hypothesis that every boundary between different layers of rock corresponded to a traumatic event transformation process where bacteria takes dna from the enviornment and inserts it into its own chromosome Fichs Law Describes factors that affect the rate of diffusion hybrid offspring when members of 2 different species mate together 4.6 bya age of the earth igneous formed from molten lava blending hypothesis offspring will be an intermediate of the parents james hutton came up with the idea called gradualism monophyletic includes an ancestor and all of its descendents p2+2pq+q2 hardy weinberg equation homologous structure structures in different organisms that were inherited from a common ancestor photoheterotroph uses light to make atp but get its organic molecules from something else microsphere protobiont mentioned in class stromatolites the oldest fossils of prokaryotes are found in this sedimentary rock oparin and haldane the two scientists that speculated tht the atmosphere was different than today ribosimes RNA molecule capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction 3.5 bya earlist fossils were found during this time paleozoic lamarkism the idea that acquired characteristics were inherited WRONG plasmid small optional chromosome in acteria clay contained charged particles that catalyzed bonds between monomers Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium describes a non evolving population, a population wich genetic structure does not change from one generation to the next 1. large population size 2. no migration 3. no natural selection 4. random mating 5. no mutations apomorphic characteristics of plants 1. life cycle: alternation of generations 2. multicellular dependent embryos with placental transfer cells 3. apical meristems 4. walled apex spores 5. Multicellular gametangium microevolution change in a single gene in a population over time peptidoglycons material that consists of carbohydrates ith short polypeptides in the cell walls allopatric speciation speciation from geolocial isolation ex: overtime a river cuts beteen two trees and causes them to be different ex: grand canyon splits two squirrls causing them to be differen becasue they can mate sympatric speciation when a species arises in the midst of another species 1. Polyploidy speciation - diploid gametes -in plants, fatal in animals 2. Habitat differential -chichlid fish 3. Sexual Selection Archae -unicellular prokaryotes -extremophiles(extreme conditions) -halophiles (live in extreme salinity, salt loving, ond in california) -thermophiles(heat loving, live in extreme hear, ex: geysers) one of 3 domains natural Selection Darwins mechanism for evolution -Diffferential reproduction Criteria: 1. competititon due to limited resources 2. variation occurs 3. population sizes are stable 4. great potential for fertility Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell 1. Autogenic hypothesis 2. Endosymbiotic Theory Autogenic hypothesis plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell folds in and pinches off and the enfolding form organelles es: golgi body and ER Endosymbiotic Theory -proposed by Lynn Magulis -ancestors of eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotes to form modern day eukaryotes ex: cyanobacteria --> photosynthesis--> chloroplast ex: aerobic bactera--> transition reaction--> mitochondria evidence: mitochondrian and chloroplast have a double membrane evidence:mitochondrian and chloroplast DNA is small circular -bacteria also have ribosomes Phagocytosis: When a cell engulfs another cell Miller and Urey experiment Used a closed system that contained inorganic compounds such as H2S, NO2 and had an energy source (electric current) this was to simulate lightning and the atmosphere back then. let it sit for a couple of days and found that organic monomers were formed(amino acids and nucleic acids) -confirmed oparin and haldanes hypothesis Conjunction Transfer of genetic material(plasmid) from cell to cell by means of a conjunction tube. -it is bacterial sex Prezygotic Isolation Habitat isolation Timewise Isolation(mating seasons differ) Mechanical Isolation(reproductive organs) Behavioral Isolation Postzygotic Isolation hybrids do not survive or are sterile Ceozoic era 0-65 mya Paleozoic 230-600 mya cambrian period was the first period origin of Life 1. Abiotic sythesis and accumulation of monomers (Miller and Urey experiment) 2. Abiotic Polymerization (sydney Fox: inorganic catalyst typically metal ions(copper and iron) would form the large orgainic molecules. Clay contians charged particles will attract and bond monomers 3. Formation of the protocell(spherical structure with a membrane like suface 4. Origin of heredity:there was and RNA world where living things catalyzed chemical reactions and genes are made of RNA Cell Structure 1. Rod Shaped (bacilli) 2. Sperical (cocci) 3.Spiral (spirilli) Metabolism of the Cell 1. photoautotroph(light E own organic) 2. Photoheterotroph (light E outside organic)***** 3. Chemautotroph (chemical E own organic)***** 4. Chemoheterotroph ( chemical E outside organic) Reproduction of Bacteria 1. Binary Fission 2. Mutations 3.Sexual Reproduction a.Transduction b. transformation c. conjugation 4. Horizontal Gene transfer Binary Fission Duplicates chromosome, PM grows inward, fuse together, cell wall is secreted, takes 30 mins Mutations important form of variation Transduction -phage takes over bacteria cell and make more phages. a piece of chromosome is accidentally put into phage coat(capsid) which contains phage DNA. -the infected phage cell comines with the new cell DNA. -the infected phage cell transfers bacteria to another bacteria cell -happens 1 in a million times transformation bacteria cell with its own chromosome can take in a piece of DNA from enviornment which is inserted into the bacteria chromosome Conjugation one bacteria cell will attach to another with a conjugation tube; the plasmid is copied in one cell and is passed through the tube into the ajoining cell Horizontal Gene Transfer prokaryotes pick up new genes through transduction, transformation, and conjugation Mixotroph in one condition it is a photoautotroph and in another condition it is a chemoheterotroph ex: euglena sunlight E if floating at surface of water, if it sinks down it can eat the bacteria in the water Volvox Multicellular protist first organism in the planet to evolve multicellularity monophyletic group includes an ancestor and all of its decendents aka CLADE (named by cladists) Placenta an organ that transports nutrients from mos bloodstream to the fetus 4 steps in evolution of plants 1. 425 mya evolution of bryophytes 2. 400 mya evolution of vascular plants 3.360 mya evolution of the seed 4. 130 mya evolution of angiosperms Vascular tissues 1. Xylom--> conducts sap from roots to leaves to transfer water 2. Phloem--> sap is thck and sticky(sucrose) produced in leaves and goes to other parts of the plant that needs energy gymnosperms conifers, pine, cedar, cyprus